Fibroblast growth factor 1 protein fragments and methods of use

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a chimeric protein that includes an N-terminus coupled to a C-terminus, where the N-terminus includes a portion of a paracrine fibroblast growth factor (“FGF”) and the C-terminus includes a C-terminal portion of an FGF19 molecule. The portion of the paracrine FGF is modified to decrease binding affinity for heparin and/or heparan sulfate compared to the portion without the modification. The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions including chimeric proteins according to the present invention, methods for treating a subject suffering from diabetes, obesity, or metabolic syndrome, and methods of screening for compounds with enhanced binding affinity for the βKlotho-FGF receptor complex involving the use of chimeric proteins of the present invention.

This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/838,350, filed Mar. 15, 2013, which claims priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/656,871, filed Jun. 7, 2012, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/664,085, filed Jun. 25, 2012, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support under grant numbers DE13686, DK077276, AG019712, DK091392, DK067158, DK057978, DK090962, HL088093, HL105278 and ES010337 awarded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in this invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to chimeric fibroblast growth factor (“FGF”) proteins and uses thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic progressive disorder, which results from end-organ resistance to the action of insulin in combination with insufficient insulin secretion from the pancreas. The metabolic abnormalities associated with insulin resistance and secretory defects, in particular the hyperglycemia, lead over the course of years to extensive irreversible damage to multiple organs including heart, blood vessels, kidney, and eye. Currently, nearly 200 million or 2.9% of the world population have type 2 diabetes (World Health Organization, Diabetes Fact Sheet N^(o) 312, January 2011; Wild et al., “Global Prevalence of Diabetes: Estimates for the Year 2000 and Projections for 2030,” Diabetes Care 27(5):1047-1053 (2004)), and its prevalence is rising at an alarmingly fast pace in parallel with the rise in the prevalence of overweight and obesity (World Health Organization, Obesity and Overweight Fact Sheet N^(o) 311, January 2011). Until the end of the 20^(th) century, type 2 diabetes was observed only in adults but what was once known as “adult-onset diabetes” is now also diagnosed in children and adolescents, and this growing incidence can be related to the increase in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents. The prevalence of pre-diabetes, an intermediate metabolic stage between normal glucose homeostasis and diabetes, is even greater than that of type 2 diabetes. Currently, nearly 80 million or 26% of the population in the United States alone have pre-diabetes (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Diabetes Fact Sheet 2011), and as such are at high risk for progressing to type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes ranks among the ten leading causes of death worldwide, and the World Health Organization projects that mortality from diabetes (90% of which is type 2) will more than double within the next decade (World Health Organization, Diabetes Fact Sheet N^(o) 312, January 2011). Type 2 diabetes also is a major cause of disability. As a consequence of diabetic retinopathy, about 10% of all patients with diabetes in the world develop severe visual impairment and 2% become blind 15 years into the disease (World Health Organization, Diabetes Fact Sheet N^(o) 312, January 2011). Diabetic neuropathy, which affects up to half of all patients with diabetes worldwide (World Health Organization, Diabetes Fact Sheet N^(o) 312, January 2011), accounts for the majority of nontraumatic lower-limb amputations. Indeed, in its recently published first worldwide report on non-infectious diseases, the World Health Organization considers diabetes, together with other chronic non-infectious diseases like cancer and heart disease, a global economic and social burden, which exceeds that imposed by infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS.

The current drug therapy for type 2 diabetes is focused on correcting the hyperglycemia in the patients. Although a number of small molecules and biologics with different mechanisms of anti-hyperglycemic action are available for use as mono-therapy or combination therapy, most, if not all of these have limited efficacy, limited tolerability, and significant adverse effects (Moller, “New Drug Targets for Type 2 Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome,” Nature 414(6865):821-827 (2001)). For example, treatment with sulfonylureas, glinides, thiazolidinediones, or insulin has been associated with weight gain, which is an undesired effect since overweight is considered a driving force in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Some of these treatments have also been associated with increased risk of hypoglycemia. A limitation specific to the thiazolidinediones is the potential for adverse cardiovascular effects (DeSouza et al., “Therapeutic Targets to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes,” Nat Rev Drug Discov 8(5):361-367 (2009)). A meta-analysis of clinical data on the thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone (Avandia®), which was widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, found that the drug increased the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes (Nissen et al., “Effect of Rosiglitazone on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Death from Cardiovascular Causes,” N Engl J Med 356(24):2457-2471 (2007)). Of all diabetic complications, cardiovascular disease is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes (World Health Organization, Diabetes Fact Sheet N^(o) 312, January 2011; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Diabetes Fact Sheet 2011), and hence an aggravation of cardiovascular risk by drug treatment is absolutely unacceptable. In the wake of the debate about the cardiovascular safety of thiazolidinediones, the FDA issued a guidance on evaluating cardiovascular risk in new anti-diabetic therapies to treat type 2 diabetes (Opar A, “Diabetes Drugs Pass Cardiovascular Risk Check,” Nat Rev Drug Discov 8(5):343-344 (2009)). Meanwhile, thiazolidinediones lost their popularity. Even for glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, one of the latest class of drugs introduced for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, concerns about safety have been raised, namely the potential for carcinogenicity (Opar A, “Diabetes Drugs Pass Cardiovascular Risk Check,” Nat Rev Drug Discov 8(5):343-344 (2009)). Therefore, novel therapies that are more effective and safer than existing drugs are needed. Since the currently available drugs do not directly target complications of advanced diabetic disease, especially cardiovascular disease, therapies that are not only effective in lowering blood glucose but also reduce cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia are particularly desired.

A search conducted by Eli Lilly & Co. for potential novel biotherapeutics to treat type 2 diabetes led to the discovery of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 as a protein that stimulates glucose uptake into adipocytes in an insulin-independent fashion (Kharitonenkov et al., “FGF-21 as a Novel Metabolic Regulator,” J Clin Invest 115(6):1627-1635 (2005)). FGF21 has since emerged as a key endocrine regulator not only of glucose metabolism but also of lipid metabolism, and has become one of the most promising drug candidates for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. In mouse models of diabetes and obesity, pharmacologic doses of FGF21 lower plasma glucose and increase insulin sensitivity (Kharitonenkov et al., “FGF-21 as a Novel Metabolic Regulator,” J Clin Invest 115(6):1627-1635 (2005); Coskun et al., “Fibroblast growth factor 21 corrects obesity in mice,” Endocrinology 149(12):6018-6027 (2008)). Concurrently, FGF21 lowers plasma triglyceride and cholesterol, enhances lipolysis and suppresses lipogenesis, and accelerates energy expenditure (Kharitonenkov et al., “FGF-21 as a Novel Metabolic Regulator,” J Clin Invest 115(6):1627-1635 (2005); Coskun et al., “Fibroblast growth factor 21 corrects obesity in mice,” Endocrinology 149(12):6018-6027 (2008)). In obese mice, FGF21 causes weight loss, in lean mice, it is weight neutral (Kharitonenkov et al., “FGF-21 as a Novel Metabolic Regulator,” J Clin Invest 115(6):1627-1635 (2005); Coskun et al., “Fibroblast growth factor 21 corrects obesity in mice,” Endocrinology 149(12):6018-6027 (2008)). Thus, FGF21 has some of the most desired characteristics of a drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes; not only does it improve glycemic control, but also directly affects cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertriglyceridemia, and reduces obesity, which is considered the single most important promoter of type 2 diabetes. Importantly, FGF21 does not induce hypoglycemia (Kharitonenkov et al., “FGF-21 as a Novel Metabolic Regulator,” J Clin Invest 115(6):1627-1635 (2005)), a side effect that can occur with several of the current anti-diabetic therapies, including insulin. Moreover, FGF21 does not exhibit any mitogenic activity in mice (Kharitonenkov et al., “FGF-21 as a Novel Metabolic Regulator,” J Clin Invest 115(6):1627-1635 (2005)), ruling out the possibility of a carcinogenic risk. The findings on FGF21 therapy in mouse models of diabetes have been reproduced in diabetic rhesus monkeys (Kharitonenkov et al., “The Metabolic State of Diabetic Monkeys is Regulated by Fibroblast Growth Factor-21,” Endocrinology 148(2):774-781 (2007)), and are currently followed up with clinical trials in humans (Kharitonenkov et al., “FGF21 Reloaded: Challenges of a Rapidly Growing Field,” Trends Endocrinol Metab 22(3):81-86 (2011)). However, there is a need for more effective FGF21 therapeutics.

The present invention overcomes these and other deficiencies in the art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the present invention relates to a chimeric protein. The chimeric protein includes an N-terminus coupled to a C-terminus, where the N-terminus includes a portion of a paracrine fibroblast growth factor (“FGF”) and the C-terminus includes a C-terminal portion of an FGF19 molecule. The portion of the paracrine FGF is modified to decrease binding affinity for heparin and/or heparan sulfate compared to the portion without the modification.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for treating a subject suffering from a disorder. This method involves selecting a subject suffering from the disorder. The method also involves providing a chimeric FGF protein, where the chimeric FGF protein includes an N-terminus coupled to a C-terminus. The N-terminus includes a portion of a paracrine FGF and the C-terminus includes a C-terminal portion of FGF19. The portion of the paracrine FGF is modified to decrease binding affinity for heparin and/or heparan sulfate compared to the portion without the modification. This method also involves administering a therapeutically effective amount of the chimeric FGF protein to the selected subject under conditions effective to treat the disorder.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of making a chimeric FGF protein possessing enhanced endocrine activity. This method involves introducing one or more modifications to a FGF protein, where the modification decreases the affinity of the FGF protein for heparin and/or heparan sulfate and coupling a C-terminal portion of FGF19 that includes a βKlotho co-receptor binding domain to the modified FGF protein's C-terminus, whereby a chimeric FGF protein possessing enhanced endocrine activity is made.

Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of facilitating fibroblast growth factor receptor (“FGFR”)-βKlotho co-receptor complex formation. This method involves providing a cell that includes a βKlotho co-receptor and an FGFR and providing a chimeric FGF protein. The chimeric FGF protein includes a C-terminal portion of FGF19 and a portion of a paracrine FGF, where the portion of the paracrine FGF is modified to decrease binding affinity for heparin and/or heparan sulfate compared to the portion without the modification. This method also involves contacting the cell and the chimeric FGF protein under conditions effective to cause FGFR-βKlotho co-receptor complex formation.

Yet a further aspect of the present invention relates to a method of screening for agents capable of facilitating FGFR-βKlotho complex formation in the treatment of a disorder. This method involves providing a chimeric FGF that includes an N-terminus coupled to a C-terminus, where the N-terminus includes a portion of a paracrine FGF and the C-terminus includes a C-terminal portion of FGF19. The portion of the paracrine FGF is modified to decrease binding affinity for heparin and/or heparan sulfate compared to the portion without the modification. This method also involves providing a binary βKlotho-FGFR complex and providing one or more candidate agents. This method further involves combining the chimeric FGF, the binary βKlotho-FGFR complex, and the one or more candidate agents under conditions permitting the formation of a ternary complex between the chimeric FGF and the binary βKlotho-FGFR complex in the absence of the one or more candidate agents. This method also involves identifying the one or more candidate agents that decrease ternary complex formation between the chimeric FGF and the binary βKlotho-FGFR complex compared to the ternary complex formation in the absence of the one or more candidate agents as suitable for treating the disorder.

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 19, 21, and 23 are hormones that regulate in a Klotho co-receptor-dependent fashion major metabolic processes such as glucose and lipid metabolism (FGF21) and phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis (FGF23). The role of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan in the formation of the cell surface signaling complex of endocrine FGFs has remained unclear. To decipher the role of HS in endocrine FGF signaling, we generated FGF19 and FGF23 mutant ligands devoid of HS binding and compared their signaling capacity with that of wild-type ligands. The data presented herein show that the mutated ligands retain full metabolic activity demonstrating that HS does not participate in the formation of the endocrine FGF signaling complex. Here it is shown that heparan sulfate is not a component of the signal transduction unit of FGF19 and FGF23. A paracrine FGF is converted into an endocrine ligand by diminishing heparan sulfate binding affinity of the paracrine FGF and substituting its C-terminal tail for that of an endocrine FGF containing the Klotho co-receptor binding site in order to home the ligand into the target tissue. The ligand conversion provides a novel strategy for engineering endocrine FGF-like molecules for the treatment of metabolic disorders, including global epidemics such as type 2 diabetes and obesity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1D are schematic diagrams showing side-by-side comparison of the HS-binding site of FGF2, FGF19, and FGF23, and working model of the endocrine FGF signaling complex. FIG. 1A shows interactions of FGF2 (schematic representation) with a heparin hexasaccharide (shown as sticks) as observed in the crystal structure of the 2:2 FGF2-FGFR1c dimer (PDB ID: 1FQ9; (Schlessinger et al., Mol. Cell 6:743-750 (2000), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety)). The heparin hexasaccharide consists of three disaccharide units of 1→4 linked N-sulfated-6-O-sulfated D-glucosamine and 2-O-sulfated L-iduronic acid. Note that the heparin hexasaccharide interacts with both side chain and backbone atoms of residues in the HS-binding site of FGF2. Dashed lines denote hydrogen bonds. K128, R129, and K134, which make the majority of hydrogen bonds with the heparin hexasaccharide, are boxed. The β-strand nomenclature follows the original FGF1 and FGF2 crystal structures (Ago et al., J. Biochem. 110:360-363 (1991); Eriksson et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:3441-3445 (1991); Zhang et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:3446-3450 (1991); Zhu et al., Science 251:90-93 (1991), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). Please note that compared to the prototypical β-trefoil fold seen in soybean trypsin inhibitor (PDB ID: 1TIE; (Onesti et al., J. Mol. Biol. 217:153-176 (1991), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) and interleukin 1β (PDB ID: 1I1B; (Finzel et al., J. Mol. Biol. 209:779-791 (1989), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), the β10-β11 strand pairing in FGF2 and other paracrine FGFs is less well defined. FIGS. 1B and 1C show cartoon representation of the crystal structures of FGF19 (PDB ID: 2P23; (Goetz et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 27:3417-3428 (2007), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety)) (FIG. 1B) and FGF23 (PDB ID: 2P39; (Goetz et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 27:3417-3428 (2007), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety)) (FIG. 1C) shown in the same orientation as the FGF2 structure in FIG. 1A. Side chains of residues that map to the corresponding HS-binding sites of these ligands are shown as sticks. Residues selected for mutagenesis to knock out residual HS binding in FGF19 and FGF23 are boxed. NT and CT indicate N- and C-termini of the FGFs. FIG. 1D is a schematic of two working models for the endocrine FGF-FGFR-Klotho signal transduction unit. A recent study on the ternary complex formation between FGF21, FGFR1c and βKlotho supports the 1:2:1 model rather than the 2:2:2 model (Ming et al., J. Biol. Chem. 287:19997-20006 (2012), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). For comparison, a schematic of the paracrine FGF-FGFR-HS signaling unit is shown, which was made based on the crystal structure of the 2:2:2 FGF2-FGFR1c-HS complex (PDB ID: 1FQ9; (Schlessinger et al., Mol. Cell 6:743-750 (2000), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety)). HS engages both paracrine FGF and receptor to enhance binding of FGF to its primary and secondary receptors thus promoting receptor dimerization. A question mark denotes whether or not HS is also a component of the endocrine FGF signaling complex.

FIG. 2 shows a sequence alignment of the endocrine FGFs, FGF1, and FGF2. The amino acid sequences of the mature human FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 ligands are aligned. Also included in the alignment are the human sequences of FGF1 and FGF2, prototypical paracrine FGFs, which were used in the experiments described herein, in which FGF1 and FGF2 were converted into endocrine FGF ligands. Residue numbers corresponding to the human sequence of FGF1 (SEQ ID NO:1) (GenBank Accession No. AAH32697, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), FGF2 (SEQ ID NO:121) (GenBank Accession No. EAX05222, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 233) (GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)005108, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), FGF21 (SEQ ID NO: 332) (GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)061986, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), and FGF23 (SEQ ID NO:345) (GenBank accession no. AAG09917, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) are in parenthesis to the left of the alignment. Secondary structure elements are labeled, and residues containing these elements for known secondary structures are boxed. Gaps (dashes) were introduced to optimize the sequence alignment. The β-trefoil core domain for known FGF crystal structures is shaded gray. Blue bars on top of the alignment indicate the location of the HS-binding regions. HS-binding residues selected for mutagenesis are shaded blue.

FIGS. 3A-3G show Surface plasmon resonance (“SPR”) results relating to knockout of residual heparin binding in FGF19 and FGF23 by site-directed mutagenesis. FIG. 3A shows an overlay of SPR sensorgrams illustrating heparin binding of FGF2, FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 (left panel) and an exploded view of the binding responses for FGF19-, FGF21-, and FGF23-heparin interactions (right panel). Heparin was immobilized on a biosensor chip, and 400 nM of FGF2, FGF19, FGF21, or FGF23 were passed over the chip. Note that FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 exhibit measurable, residual heparin binding and that differences in heparin binding exist between these three endocrine FGFs. FIGS. 3B-3D show overlays of SPR sensorgrams illustrating binding of FGF19 to heparin (FIG. 3B) and lack of interaction between the FGF19^(K149A) mutant and heparin (FIG. 3C) and between the FGF19^(K149A, R157A) mutant and heparin (FIG. 3D). Heparin was immobilized on a biosensor chip, and increasing concentrations of FGF19 were passed over the chip. Thereafter, FGF19^(K149A) or FGF19^(K149A, R157A) was injected over the heparin chip at the highest concentration tested for the wild-type ligand. FIGS. 3E-3G show overlays of SPR sensorgrams illustrating binding of FGF23 to heparin (FIG. 3E), poor interaction between the FGF23^(R48A, N49A) mutant and heparin (FIG. 3F), and lack of interaction between the FGF23^(R140A, R143A) mutant and heparin (FIG. 3G). Heparin was immobilized on a biosensor chip, and increasing concentrations of FGF23 were passed over the chip. FGF23^(R48A, N49A) or FGF23^(R140A, R143A) was then injected over the heparin chip at the highest concentration tested for the wild-type ligand.

FIGS. 4A-4D show results demonstrating that HS is dispensable for the metabolic activity of FGF19 and FGF23. FIG. 4A shows results of an immunoblot analysis of phosphorylation of FRS2α (pFRS2α) and 44/42 MAP kinase (p44/42 MAPK) in H4IIE hepatoma cells following stimulation with the FGF19^(K149A) mutant, the FGF19^(K149A, R157A) mutant, or wild-type FGF19. Numbers above the lanes give the amounts of protein added in ng ml⁻¹. Total 44/42 MAPK protein expression was used as a loading control. FIG. 4B shows results of an immunoblot analysis of phosphorylation of FRS2α (pFRS2α) and 44/42 MAP kinase (p44/42 MAPK) in a HEK293-αKlotho cell line following stimulation with the FGF23^(R48A, N49A) mutant, the FGF23^(R140A, R143A) mutant, or wild-type FGF23. Numbers above the lanes give the amounts of protein added in ng ml⁻¹. Total 44/42 MAPK and αKlotho protein expression were used as loading controls. FIG. 4C shows graphical results of a quantitative analysis of CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 mRNA expression in liver tissue from mice treated with FGF19^(K149A), FGF19^(K149A, R157A), FGF19, or vehicle. 1 mg of protein per kg of body weight was given. Data are presented as mean±SEM; ***, P<0.001 by Student's t est. FIG. 4D shows graphical results of analysis of serum phosphate concentrations (serum P_(i)) in mice before and 8 h after intraperitoneal injection of FGF23^(R48A, N49A), FGF23^(R140A, R143A), FGF23, or vehicle. Wild-type mice were given a single dose of protein (0.29 mg kg body weight⁻¹), whereas Fgf23 knockout mice received two doses of 0.71 mg kg body weight⁻¹ each. Data are presented as mean±SEM; *, P<0.05, and **, P<0.01 by ANOVA.

FIGS. 5A-5G show design and results relating to the conversion of FGF2 into an endocrine ligand. FIG. 5A is a schematic of human FGF2, FGF19, FGF21, FGF23, and engineered FGF2-FGF19, FGF2-FGF21, and FGF2-FGF23 chimeras. Amino acid boundaries of each ligand and of each component of the chimeras are labeled with residue letter and number. The β-trefoil core domain for the known ligand crystal structures is shaded gray. HS-binding residues mutated in the FGF2 portion of chimeras are labeled with residue letter and number. Also labeled are the arginine residues of the proteolytic cleavage site in the C-terminal region of FGF23 that were mutated to glutamine in both FGF23 and the FGF2-FGF23 chimeras. FIGS. 5B and 5C show overlays of SPR sensorgrams illustrating binding of FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF21^(C-tail) (FIG. 5B) and FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) (FIG. 5C) to heparin, and fitted saturation binding curves. Heparin was immobilized on a biosensor chip, and increasing concentrations of FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF21^(C-tail) or FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) were passed over the chip. Dissociation constants (K_(D)s) were derived from the saturation binding curves. FIGS. 5D and 5E show overlays of SPR sensorgrams illustrating binding of FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF23^(C-tail) (FIG. 5D) and FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) (FIG. 5E) to heparin. Increasing concentrations of FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF23^(C-tail) or FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) were passed over a chip containing immobilized heparin. FIGS. 5F and 5G show results of immunoblot analysis for Egr1 expression in HEK293 cells following stimulation with chimeras or native FGFs as denoted. Numbers above the lanes give the amounts of protein added in nanomolar. GAPDH protein expression was used as a loading control.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustrating the conversion of FGF1 into an endocrine ligand. Shown are schematic drawings of human FGF1, FGF19, FGF21, FGF23, and exemplary FGF1-FGF19, FGF1-FGF21, and FGF1-FGF23 chimeras according to the present invention. Amino acid boundaries of each ligand and of each component of the chimeras are labeled with residue letter and number. The β-trefoil core domain for the known ligand crystal structures is shaded gray. HS-binding residues mutated in the FGF1 portion of chimeras are labeled with residue letter and number. Also labeled are the arginine residues of the proteolytic cleavage site in the C-terminal region of FGF23 that were mutated to glutamine in both FGF23 and the FGF1-FGF23 chimeras.

FIGS. 7A-7G show results demonstrating that the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) chimera exhibits FGF23-like activity. FIGS. 7A and 7B show overlays of SPR sensorgrams illustrating inhibition by FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) (FIG. 7A) or FGF23 (FIG. 7B) of αKlotho-FGFR1c binding to FGF23 immobilized on a biosensor chip. Increasing concentrations of FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) or FGF23 were mixed with a fixed concentration of αKlotho-FGFR1c complex, and the mixtures were passed over a FGF23 chip. FIG. 7C shows an overlay of SPR sensorgrams illustrating failure of FGF2 to inhibit αKlotho-FGFR1c binding to FGF23. FGF2 and αKlotho-FGFR1c complex were mixed at a molar ratio of 15:1, and the mixture was passed over a biosensor chip containing immobilized FGF23. FIGS. 7D and 7E show overlays of SPR sensorgrams illustrating no inhibition by FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) (FIG. 7D) or FGF23 (FIG. 7E) of βKlotho-FGFR1c binding to FGF21. FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-Tail) or FGF23 were mixed with βKlotho-FGFR1c complex at a molar ratio of 10:1, and the mixtures were passed over a biosensor chip containing immobilized FGF21. FIG. 7F shows analysis of serum phosphate concentrations (serum P_(i)) in mice before and 8 h after intraperitoneal injection of FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail), FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF23^(C-tail), FGF23, or vehicle. Wild-type mice and αKlotho knockout mice were given 0.21 mg and 0.51 mg of protein, respectively, per kg of body weight. Data are presented as mean±SEM; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001 by ANOVA. FIG. 7G shows quantitative analysis of CYP27B1 mRNA expression in renal tissue from mice injected with FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail), FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF23^(C-tail), FGF23, or vehicle. 0.21 mg of protein per kg of body weight were injected. Data are presented as mean±SEM; ***, P<0.001 by ANOVA.

FIGS. 8A-8G show results demonstrating that the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera exhibits FGF21-like activity. FIGS. 8A-8B show overlays of SPR sensorgrams illustrating inhibition by FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) (FIG. 8A) or FGF21 (FIG. 8B) of βKlotho-FGFR1c binding to FGF21 immobilized on a biosensor chip. Increasing concentrations of FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) or FGF21 were mixed with a fixed concentration of βKlotho-FGFR1c complex, and the mixtures were passed over a FGF21 chip. FIG. 8C shows an overlay of SPR sensorgrams illustrating failure of FGF2 to inhibit βKlotho-FGFR1c binding to FGF21. FGF2 and βKlotho-FGFR1c complex were mixed at a molar ratio of 15:1, and the mixture was passed over a biosensor chip containing immobilized FGF21. FIGS. 8D-8E show overlays of SPR sensorgrams illustrating no inhibition by FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) (FIG. 8D) or FGF21 (FIG. 8E) of αKlotho-FGFR1c binding to FGF23. FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) or FGF21 were mixed with αKlotho-FGFR1c complex at a molar ratio of 10:1, and the mixtures were passed over a biosensor chip containing immobilized FGF23. FIG. 8F shows results of immunoblot analysis for Egr1 expression in HEK293-βKlotho cells stimulated with FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) or FGF21. Numbers above the lanes give the amounts of protein added in ng ml⁻¹. GAPDH protein expression was used as a loading control. Note that the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera is more potent than native FGF21 at inducing Egr1 expression suggesting that the chimera has agonistic property. This is expected since the core domain of FGF2 has inherently greater binding affinity for FGFR than the core domain of FGF21 (see FIGS. 10A and 10C). FIG. 8G shows graphical results of analysis of blood glucose concentrations in mice before and at the indicated time points after intraperitoneal injection of insulin alone, insulin plus FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera, insulin plus FGF21, or vehicle alone. 0.5 units of insulin per kg of body weight and 0.3 mg of FGF21 ligand per kg of body weight were injected. Blood glucose concentrations are expressed as percent of pre-injection values. Data are presented as mean±SEM.

FIGS. 9A-9C show the glucose-lowering effects in ob/ob mice of FGF1 variants according to the present invention. FIG. 9A shows graphical results of analysis of blood glucose concentrations in ob/ob mice before and at the indicated time points after subcutaneous injection of FGF1 or FGF21. FIG. 9B shows graphical results of analysis of blood glucose concentrations in ob/ob mice before and at the indicated time points after subcutaneous injection of FGF1, FGF1^(ΔNT), or FGF1^(ΔHBS). FIG. 9C shows graphical results of analysis of blood glucose concentrations in ob/ob mice before and at the indicated time points after subcutaneous injection of FGF1 or FGF1^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera. For the experiments shown in FIGS. 9A-9C, ob/ob mice were injected with a bolus of 0.5 mg of FGF protein per kg of body weight. Data are presented as mean±SD.

FIGS. 10A-10F show results demonstrating that endocrine FGFs have low binding affinity for FGFR1c compared to FGF2. FIGS. 10A-10D show overlays of SPR sensorgrams illustrating binding of FGFR1c to FGF2 (FIG. 10A), FGF19 (FIG. 10B), FGF21 (FIG. 10C), and FGF23 (FIG. 10D), and fitted saturation binding curves. Increasing concentrations of FGFR1c ligand-binding domain were passed over a biosensor chip containing immobilized FGF2, FGF19, FGF21, or FGF23. FIG. 10E shows an overlay of SPR sensorgrams illustrating binding of αKlotho-FGFR1c complex to FGF23. Increasing concentrations of αKlotho-FGFR1c complex were passed over a biosensor chip containing immobilized FGF23. FIG. 8F shows an overlay of SPR sensorgrams showing lack of interaction between the C-terminal tail peptide of FGF23 and FGFR1c. FGF23^(C-tail) was immobilized on a biosensor chip and increasing concentrations of FGFR1c ligand-binding domain were passed over the chip. Dissociation constants (K_(D)5) given in FIGS. 10A-10E were derived from the saturation binding curves.

FIG. 11 shows an alignment of the C-terminal tail sequences of human FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 233) (GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)005108, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), FGF21 (SEQ ID NO: 332) (GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)061986, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), and FGF23 (SEQ ID NO:345) (GenBank accession no. AAG09917, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Residue numbers are in parenthesis to the left of the alignment. Gaps (dashes) were introduced to optimize the alignment. Residues that are identical between FGF19 and FGF21 are shaded gray. Note that 40% of these residues map to the most C-terminal sequence.

FIG. 12 shows an alignment of the C-terminal tail sequences of FGF19 orthologs (including human (SEQ ID NO: 233), gorilla (SEQ ID NO: 234), chimpanzee (SEQ ID NO: 235), gibbon (SEQ ID NO: 238), rhesus monkey (SEQ ID NO: 236), orangutan (SEQ ID NO: 237), marmoset (SEQ ID NO: 239), mouse lemur (SEQ ID NO: 240), sloth (SEQ ID NO: 241), panda (SEQ ID NO: 242), pig (SEQ ID NO: 243), bovine (SEQ ID NO: 244), dog (SEQ ID NO: 245), rabbit (SEQ ID NO: 246), megabat (SEQ ID NO: 247), dolphin (SEQ ID NO: 248), microbat (SEQ ID NO: 249), platypus (SEQ ID NO: 250), opossum (SEQ ID NO: 251), anole lizard (SEQ ID NO: 252), pika (SEQ ID NO: 253), guinea pig (SEQ ID NO: 254), tree shrew (SEQ ID NO: 255), rat (SEQ ID NO: 256), mouse (SEQ ID NO: 257), chicken (SEQ ID NO: 258), zebra finch (SEQ ID NO: 259), zebrafish (SEQ ID NO: 260), and frog (SEQ ID NO: 261)). Residue numbers are in parenthesis to the left of the alignment. Gaps (dashes) were introduced to optimize the alignment. Ortholog residues identical to human FGF19 are shaded gray.

FIG. 13 shows an alignment of the C-terminal tail sequences of human FGF19 (SEQ ID NO:233) (GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)005108, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), FGF21 (SEQ ID NO:332) (GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)061986, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), and variants of FGF19 harboring a single amino acid deletion or substitution for a residue unique to FGF21. Residue numbers for the sequences of native FGF19 and FGF21 are in parenthesis to the left of the alignment. Gaps (dashes) were introduced to optimize the alignment. In the sequence of native FGF21(SEQ ID NO:332), residues unique to FGF21 are bold and boxed, and in the sequences of the variants of the FGF19 C-terminal tail, introduced FGF21 residues are also bold and boxed and deleted FGF19 residues are indicated by a dash (bold and boxed).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the present invention relates to a chimeric protein. The chimeric protein includes an N-terminus coupled to a C-terminus, where the N-terminus includes a portion of a paracrine fibroblast growth factor (“FGF”) and the C-terminus includes a C-terminal portion of an FGF19. The portion of the paracrine FGF is modified to decrease binding affinity for heparin and/or heparan sulfate compared to the portion without the modification.

As described by Goetz et al. (Goetz et al., “Molecular Insights into the Klotho-Dependent, Endocrine Mode of Action of Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 Subfamily Members,” Mol Cell Biol 3417-3428 (2007), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), the mammalian fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family comprises 18 polypeptides (FGF1 to FGF10 and FGF16 to FGF23), which participate in a myriad of biological processes during embryogenesis, including but not limited to gastrulation, body plan formation, somitogenesis, and morphogenesis of essentially every tissue/organ such as limb, lung, brain, and kidney (Bottcher et al., “Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling During Early Vertebrate Development,” Endocr Rev 26:63-77 (2005), and Thisse et al., “Functions and Regulations of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling During Embryonic Development,” Dev Biol 287:390-402 (2005), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety).

FGFs execute their biological actions by binding to, dimerizing, and activating FGFR tyrosine kinases, which are encoded by four distinct genes (Fgfr1 to Fgfr4). Prototypical FGFRs consist of an extracellular domain composed of three immunoglobulin-like domains, a single-pass transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain responsible for the tyrosine kinase activity (Mohammadi et al., “Structural Basis for Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Activation,” Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 16:107-137 (2005), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

The number of principal FGFRs is increased from four to seven due to a major tissue-specific alternative splicing event in the second half of the immunoglobulin-like domain 3 of FGFR1 to FGFR3, which creates epithelial lineage-specific “b” and mesenchymal lineage-specific “c” isoforms (Mohammadi et al., “Structural Basis for Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Activation,” Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 16:107-137 (2005) and Ornitz et al., “Fibroblast Growth Factors,” Genome Biol 2(3):reviews3005.1-reviews3005.12 (2001), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). Generally, the receptor-binding specificity of FGFs is divided along this major alternative splicing of receptors whereby FGFRb-interacting FGFs are produced by epithelial cells and FGFRc-interacting FGFs are produced by mesenchymal cells (Ornitz et al., “Fibroblast Growth Factors,” Genome Biol 2(3):reviews3005.1-reviews3005.12 (2001), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). These reciprocal expression patterns of FGFs and FGFRs result in the establishment of specific paracrine FGF signaling loops between the epithelium and the mesenchyme, which is essential for proper organogenesis and patterning during embryonic development as well as tissue homeostasis in the adult organism.

Based on sequence homology and phylogenetic and structural considerations, the eighteen mammalian FGFs are grouped into six subfamilies (Itoh et al., “Fibroblast growth factors: from molecular evolution to roles in development, metabolism, and disease,” J Biochem 149:121-130 (2011); Mohammadi et al., “Structural basis for fibroblast growth factor receptor activation,” Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 16:107-137 (2005), which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). The FGF core homology domain (approximately 120 amino acids long) is flanked by N- and C-terminal sequences that are highly variable in both length and primary sequence, particularly among different FGF subfamilies. The core region of FGF19 shares the highest sequence identity with FGF21 (38%) and FGF23 (36%), and therefore, these ligands are considered to form a subfamily.

Based on mode of action, the eighteen mammalian FGFs are grouped into paracrine-acting ligands (five FGF subfamilies) and endocrine-acting ligands (one FGF subfamily) comprising FGF19, FGF21 and FGF23 (Itoh and Ornitz, “Fibroblast Growth Factors: From Molecular Evolution to Roles in Development, Metabolism and Disease,” J. Biochem. 149:121-130 (2011); Mohammadi et al., “Structural Basis for Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Activation,” Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 16:107-137 (2005), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety).

Paracrine FGFs direct multiple processes during embryogenesis, including gastrulation, somitogenesis, organogenesis, and tissue patterning (Itoh and Ornitz, “Fibroblast Growth Factors: From Molecular Evolution to Roles in Development, Metabolism and Disease,” J. Biochem. 149:121-130 (2011); Bottcher and Niehrs, “Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling During Early Vertebrate Development,” Endocr. Rev. 26:63-77 (2005); Thisse et al., “Functions and Regulations of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling During Embryonic Development,” Dev. Biol. 287:390-402 (2005), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety), and also regulate tissue homeostasis in the adult (Hart et al., “Attenuation of FGF Signaling in Mouse Beta-cells Leads to Diabetes,” Nature 408:864-868 (2000); Jonker et al., “A PPARγ-FGF1 Axis is Required for Adaptive Adipose Remodeling and Metabolic Homeostasis,” Nature 485:391-394 (2012), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

Endocrine FGFs control major metabolic processes such as bile acid homeostasis (Inagaki et al., “Fibroblast Growth Factor 15 Functions as an Enterohepatic Signal to Regulate Bile Acid Homeostasis,” Cell Metab. 2:217-225 (2005), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), and hepatic glucose and protein metabolism (Kir et al., “FGF19 as a Postprandial, Insulin-Independent Activator of Hepatic Protein and Glycogen Synthesis,” Science 331:1621-1624 (2011); Potthoff et al., “FGF15/19 Regulates Hepatic Glucose Metabolism by Inhibiting the CREB-PGC-1α Pathway,” Cell Metab. 13:729-738 (2011), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety) (FGF19), glucose and lipid metabolism (Badman et al., “Hepatic Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Is Regulated by PPARα and Is a Key Mediator of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Ketotic States,” Cell Metab. 5:426-437 (2007); Inagaki et al., “Endocrine Regulation of the Fasting Response by PPARalpha-mediated Induction of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21,” Cell Metab. 5:415-425 (2007); Kharitonenkov et al., “FGF-21 as a Novel Metabolic Regulator,” J. Clin. Invest. 115:1627-1635 (2005); Potthoff et al., “FGF21 Induces PGC-1alpha and Regulates Carbohydrate and Fatty Acid Metabolism During the Adaptive Starvation Response,” Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106:10853-10858 (2009), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety) (FGF21), and phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis (White et al., “Autosomal Dominant Hypophosphataemic Rickets is Associated with Mutations in FGF23,” Nat. Genet. 26:345-348 (2000); Shimada et al., “Targeted Ablation of Fgf23 Demonstrates an Essential Physiological Role of FGF23 in Phosphate and Vitamin D Metabolism,” J. Clin. Invest. 113:561-568 (2004), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety) (FGF23). Thus, these ligands have attracted much attention as potential drugs for the treatment of various inherited or acquired metabolic disorders (Beenken and Mohammadi, “The FGF Family: Biology, Pathophysiology and Therapy,” Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 8:235-253 (2009); Beenken and Mohammadi, “The Structural Biology of the FGF19 Subfamily,” in Endocrine FGFs and Klothos (Kuro-o, M. ed.), Landes Bioscience. pp 1-24 (2012), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety).

FGFs share a core homology region of about one hundred and twenty amino acids that fold into a β-trefoil (Ago et al., J. Biochem. 110:360-363 (1991); Eriksson et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:3441-3445 (1991); Zhang et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:3446-3450 (1991); Zhu et al., Science 251:90-93 (1991), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety) consisting of twelve β strands in paracrine FGFs (β1-β12) and eleven β strands in endocrine FGFs (β1-β10 and β12) (Mohammadi et al., “Structural Basis for Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Activation,” Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 16:107-137 (2005); Goetz et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 27:3417-3428 (2007), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). The conserved core region is flanked by divergent N- and C-termini, which play a critical role in conferring distinct biological activity on FGFs (Mohammadi et al., “Structural Basis for Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Activation,” Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 16:107-137 (2005); Olsen et al., Genes Dev. 20:185-198 (2006), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety).

All FGFs interact with pericellular heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans albeit with different affinities (Asada et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1790:40-48 (2009), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). The HS-binding site of FGFs is comprised of the β1-β2 loop and the region between β10 and β12 strands (Mohammadi et al., “Structural Basis for Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Activation,” Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 16:107-137 (2005), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). HS interacts with both side chain and main chain atoms of the HS-binding site in paracrine FGFs (Schlessinger et al., Mol. Cell 6:743-750 (2000), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). The HS-binding site of endocrine FGFs deviates from the common conformation adopted by paracrine FGFs such that interaction of HS with backbone atoms of the HS-binding site is precluded (Goetz et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 27:3417-3428 (2007), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). As a result, compared to paracrine FGFs, endocrine FGFs exhibit poor affinity for HS (Beenken and Mohammadi, “The FGF Family: Biology, Pathophysiology and Therapy,” Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 8:235-253 (2009); Asada et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1790:40-48 (2009), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). The poor HS affinity enables these ligands to diffuse freely away from the site of their secretion and enter the blood circulation to reach their distant target organs (Goetz et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 27:3417-3428 (2007); Asada et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1790:40-48 (2009), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety).

By contrast, owing to their high HS affinity (Asada et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1790:40-48 (2009), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), paracrine FGFs are mostly immobilized in the vicinity of the cells secreting these ligands, and hence can only act within the same organ. There is emerging evidence that differences in HS-binding affinity among paracrine FGFs translate into the formation of ligand-specific gradients in the pericellular matrix (Kalinina et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 29:4663-4678 (2009); Makarenkova et al., Sci. Signal 2:ra55 (2009), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety), which contribute to the distinct functions of these ligands (Beenken and Mohammadi, “The FGF Family: Biology, Pathophysiology and Therapy,” Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 8:235-253 (2009); Itoh and Ornitz, “Fibroblast Growth Factors: From Molecular Evolution to Roles in Development, Metabolism and Disease,” J. Biochem. 149:121-130 (2011), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety).

Besides controlling ligand diffusion in the extracellular space, HS promotes the formation of the 2:2 paracrine FGF-FGFR signal transduction unit (Schlessinger et al., Mol. Cell 6:743-750 (2000); Mohammadi et al., Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 15:506-516 (2005), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). HS engages both ligand and receptor to enhance the binding affinity of FGF for receptor and promote dimerization of ligand-bound receptors. Owing to their poor HS-binding affinity, endocrine FGFs rely on Klotho co-receptors to bind their cognate FGFR (Kurosu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 282:26687-26695 (2007); Kurosu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 281:6120-6123 (2006); Ogawa et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104:7432-7437 (2007); Urakawa et al., Nature 444:770-774 (2006), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). Klotho co-receptors are single-pass transmembrane proteins with an extracellular domain composed of two type I β-glycosidase domains (Ito et al., Mech. Dev. 98:115-119 (2000); Kuro-o et al., Nature 390:45-51 (1997), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). Klotho co-receptors constitutively associate with FGFRs to enhance the binding affinity of endocrine FGFs for their cognate FGFRs in target tissues (Kurosu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 282:26687-26695 (2007); Kurosu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 281:6120-6123 (2006); Ogawa et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104:7432-7437 (2007); Urakawa et al., Nature 444:770-774 (2006), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). αKlotho is the co-receptor for FGF23 (Kurosu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 281:6120-6123 (2006); Urakawa et al., Nature 444:770-774 (2006), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety), and βKlotho is the co-receptor for both FGF19 and FGF21 (Kurosu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 282:26687-26695 (2007); Ogawa et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104:7432-7437 (2007), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). The C-terminal region of endocrine FGFs mediates binding of these ligands to the FGFR-α/βKlotho co-receptor complex (Goetz et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 27:3417-3428 (2007); Goetz et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107:407-412 (2010); Micanovic et al., J. Cell Physiol. 219:227-234 (2009); Wu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 283:33304-33309 (2008); Yie et al., FEBS Lett, 583:19-24 (2009); Goetz et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 32:1944-1954 (2012), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety).

βKlotho promotes binding of FGF21 to its cognate FGFR by engaging ligand and receptor simultaneously through two distinct binding sites (Goetz et al., “Klotho Coreceptors Inhibit Signaling by Paracrine Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 Subfamily Ligands,” Mol Cell Biol 32:1944-1954 (2012), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). βKlotho plays the same role in promoting binding of FGF19 to its cognate FGFR (Goetz et al., “Klotho Coreceptors Inhibit Signaling by Paracrine Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 Subfamily Ligands,” Mol Cell Biol 32:1944-1954 (2012), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). The binding site for βKlotho was mapped on FGF21 and FGF19 to the C-terminal region of each ligand that follows the β-trefoil core domain (Goetz et al., “Klotho Coreceptors Inhibit Signaling by Paracrine Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 Subfamily Ligands,” Mol Cell Biol 32:1944-1954 (2012), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). In the course of these studies, it was found that the C-terminal tail peptides of FGF21 and FGF19 share a common binding site on βKlotho, and that the C-terminal tail of FGF19 binds tighter than the C-terminal tail of FGF21 to this site (Goetz et al., “Klotho Coreceptors Inhibit Signaling by Paracrine Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 Subfamily Ligands,” Mol Cell Biol 32:1944-1954 (2012), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

Endocrine FGFs still possess residual HS-binding affinity, and moreover, there are differences in this residual binding affinity among the endocrine FGFs (Goetz et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 27:3417-3428 (2007), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). These observations raise the possibility that HS may play a role in endocrine FGF signaling. Indeed, there are several reports showing that HS can promote endocrine FGF signaling in the presence as well as in the absence of Klotho co-receptor. It has been shown that HS augments the mitogenic signal elicited by endocrine FGFs in BaF3 cells over-expressing FGFR and Klotho co-receptor by at least two-fold (Suzuki et al., Mol. Endocrinol. 22:1006-1014 (2008), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). In addition, even in the absence of Klotho co-receptor, HS enables endocrine FGFs to induce proliferation of BaF3 cells over-expressing FGFR (Yu et al., Endocrinology 146:4647-4656 (2005); Zhang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 281:15694-15700 (2006), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). Compared to paracrine FGFs, however, significantly higher concentrations of both ligand and HS are needed, and the proliferative response of cells to endocrine FGFs still lags behind that of paracrine FGFs by about one order of magnitude (Zhang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 281:15694-15700 (2006), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

As used herein, the terms “chimeric polypeptide” and “chimeric protein” encompass a polypeptide having a sequence that includes at least a portion of a full-length sequence of first polypeptide sequence and at least a portion of a full-length sequence of a second polypeptide sequence, where the first and second polypeptides are different polypeptides. A chimeric polypeptide also encompasses polypeptides that include two or more non-contiguous portions derived from the same polypeptide. A chimeric polypeptide or protein also encompasses polypeptides having at least one substitution, wherein the chimeric polypeptide includes a first polypeptide sequence in which a portion of the first polypeptide sequence has been substituted by a portion of a second polypeptide sequence.

As used herein, the term “N-terminal portion” of a given polypeptide sequence is a contiguous stretch of amino acids of the given polypeptide sequence that begins at or near the N-terminal residue of the given polypeptide sequence. An N-terminal portion of the given polypeptide can be defined by a contiguous stretch of amino acids (e.g., a number of amino acid residues). Similarly, the term “C-terminal portion” of a given polypeptide sequence is a contiguous length of the given polypeptide sequence that ends at or near the C-terminal residue of the given polypeptide sequence. A C-terminal portion of the given polypeptide can be defined by a contiguous stretch of amino acids (e.g., a number of amino acid residues).

The term “portion,” when used herein with respect to a given polypeptide sequence, refers to a contiguous stretch of amino acids of the given polypeptide's sequence that is shorter than the given polypeptide's full-length sequence. A portion of a given polypeptide may be defined by its first position and its final position, in which the first and final positions each correspond to a position in the sequence of the given full-length polypeptide. The sequence position corresponding to the first position is situated N-terminal to the sequence position corresponding to the final position. The sequence of the portion is the contiguous amino acid sequence or stretch of amino acids in the given polypeptide that begins at the sequence position corresponding to the first position and ending at the sequence position corresponding to the final position. A portion may also be defined by reference to a position in the given polypeptide sequence and a length of residues relative to the referenced position, whereby the sequence of the portion is a contiguous amino acid sequence in the given full-length polypeptide that has the defined length and that is located in the given polypeptide in reference to the defined position.

As noted above, a chimeric protein according to the present invention may include an N-terminus coupled to a C-terminus. N-terminus and C-terminus are used herein to refer to the N-terminal region or portion and the C-terminal region or portion, respectively, of the chimeric protein of the present invention. In some embodiments of the present invention, the C-terminal portion and the N-terminal portion of the chimeric protein of the present invention are contiguously joined. In alternative embodiments, the C-terminal portion and the N-terminal portion of the chimeric protein of the present invention are coupled by an intervening spacer. In one embodiment, the spacer may be a polypeptide sequence of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the C-terminal portion and/or the N-terminal portion of the chimeric protein of the present invention may include additional portion(s) coupled to the C-terminal residue and/or the N-terminal residue of the chimeric protein of the present invention, respectively. In some embodiments, the additional portion(s) may be a polypeptide sequence of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the N-terminal portion and/or the C-terminal portion having such additional portion(s) will maintain the activity of the corresponding naturally occurring N-terminal portion and/or C-terminal portion, respectively. In some embodiments, the N-terminal portion and/or the C-terminal portion having such additional portion(s) will have enhanced and/or prolonged activity compared to the corresponding naturally occurring N-terminal portion and/or C-terminal portion, respectively. In other embodiments, the C-terminal portion and/or the N-terminal portion of the chimeric protein of the present invention do not include any additional portion(s) coupled to the C-terminal residue and/or the N-terminal residue of the chimeric protein of the present invention, respectively.

The portion of the paracrine FGF may be derived from any suitable paracrine FGF. Suitable paracrine FGFs in accordance with the present invention include FGF1, FGF2, and ligands of the FGF4 and FGF9 subfamilies. Certain embodiments of the present invention may include a full-length amino acid sequence of a paracrine FGF, rather than a portion of a paracrine FGF.

In one embodiment, the portion of the paracrine FGF is derived from a mammalian FGF. In one embodiment, the portion of the paracrine FGF is derived from a vertebrate FGF. In one embodiment, the portion of the paracrine FGF is derived from a human FGF. In one embodiment, the paracrine FGF is derived from a non-human mammalian FGF. In one embodiment, the portion of the paracrine FGF is derived from a non-human vertebrate FGF. In one embodiment, the paracrine FGF is derived from an ortholog of human FGF, or a polypeptide or protein obtained from one species that is the functional counterpart of a polypeptide or protein from a different species.

In one embodiment according to the present invention, the portion of the paracrine FGF of the chimeric protein includes an N-terminal portion of the paracrine FGF.

In one embodiment, the paracrine FGF is FGF1. In one embodiment, the portion of the FGF1 is from human FGF1 having the following amino acid sequence (GenBank Accession No. AAH32697, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 1):

-   1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ -   61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYISKKHAEK -   121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD

In one embodiment, the portion of the paracrine FGF includes an amino acid sequence beginning at any one of residues 1 to 25 and ending at any one of residues 150 to 155 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (human FGF1). In one embodiment, the portion of the paracrine FGF includes amino acid residues 1-150, 1-151, 1-152, 1-153, 1-154, 1-155, 2-150, 2-151, 2-152, 2-153, 2-154, 2-155, 3-150, 3-151, 3-152, 3-153, 3-154, 3-155, 4-150, 4-151, 4-152, 4-153, 4-154, 4-155, 5-150, 5-151, 5-152, 5-153, 5-154, 5-155, 6-150, 6-151, 6-152, 6-153, 6-154, 6-155, 7-150, 7-151, 7-152, 7-153, 7-154, 7-155, 8-150, 8-151, 8-152, 8-153, 8-154, 8-155, 9-150, 9-151, 9-152, 9-153, 9-154, 9-155, 10-150, 10-151, 10-152, 10-153, 10-154, 10-155, 11-150, 11-151, 11-152, 11-153, 11-154, 11-155, 12-150, 12-151, 12-152, 12-153, 12-154, 12-155, 13-150, 13-151, 13-152, 13-153, 13-154, 13-155, 14-150, 14-151, 14-152, 14-153, 14-154, 14-155, 15-150, 15-151, 15-152, 15-153, 15-154, 15-155, 16-150, 16-151, 16-152, 16-153, 16-154, 16-155, 17-150, 17-151, 17-152, 17-153, 17-154, 17-155, 18-150, 18-151, 18-152, 18-153, 18-154, 18-155, 19-150, 19-151, 19-152, 19-153, 19-154, 19-155, 20-150, 20-151, 20-152, 20-153, 20-154, 20-155, 21-150, 21-151, 21-152, 21-153, 21-154, 21-155, 22-150, 22-151, 22-152, 22-153, 22-154, 22-155, 23-150, 23-151, 23-152, 23-153, 23-154, 23-155, 24-150, 24-151, 24-152, 24-153, 24-154, 24-155, 25-150, 25-151, 25-152, 25-153, 25-154, or 25-155 of FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 1). In one embodiment, the portion of the paracrine FGF includes amino acid residues 1-150 or 25-150 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In one embodiment, the portion of the paracrine FGF includes an amino acid sequence that has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97% or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity to an amino acid sequence beginning at any one of residues 1 to 25 and ending at any one of residues 150 to 155 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (human FGF1). In one embodiment, the portion of the paracrine FGF includes an amino acid sequence that has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97% or at least 99% amino acid sequence homology to an amino acid sequence beginning at any one of residues 1 to 25 and ending at any one of residues 150 to 155 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (human FGF1).

Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity with respect to a given polypeptide sequence identified herein is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical to the amino acid residues in the reference sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Percent (%) amino acid sequence homology with respect to a given polypeptide sequence identified herein is the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical to or strongly similar to the amino acid residues in the reference sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence homology. Strongly similar amino acid residues may include, for example, conservative amino acid substitutions known in the art. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity and/or homology can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN, ALIGN-2 or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full-length of the sequences being compared.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the portion of the paracrine FGF of the chimeric protein is derived from an ortholog of human FGF1. In one embodiment, the portion of FGF1 is derived from Papio Anubis, Pongo abelii, Callithrix jacchus, Equus caballus, Pan troglodytes, Loxodonta Africana, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis, Sus scrofa, Otolemur garnettii, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Sorex araneus, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Cricetulus griseus, Sarcophilus harrisii, Mus musculus, Cavia porcellus, Monodelphis domestica, Desmodus rotundus, Bos taurus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, Taeniopygia guttata, Dasypus novemcinctus, Xenopus Silurana tropicalis, Heterocephalus glaber, Pteropus alecto, Tupaia chinensis, Columba livia, Ovis aries, Gallus gallus, Vicugna pacos, Anolis carolinensis, Otolemur garnettii, Felis catus, Pelodiscus sinensis, Latimeria chalumnae, Tursiops truncates, Mustela putorius furo, Nomascus leucogenys, Gorilla gorilla, Erinaceus europaeus, Procavia capensis, Dipodomys ordii, Petromyzon marinus, Echinops telfairi, Macaca mulatta, Pteropus vampyrus, Myotis lucifugus, Microcebus murinus, Ochotona princeps, Rattus norvegicus, Choloepus hoffmanni, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus, Tarsius syrichta, Tupaia belangeri, Meleagris gallopavo, Macropus eugenii, or Danio rerio. The portions of an ortholog of human paracrine FGF1 include portions corresponding to the above-identified amino acid sequences of human FGF1. Corresponding portions may be determined by, for example, sequence analysis and structural analysis.

In one embodiment, the portion of the FGF1 of the chimeric protein of the present invention is derived from an ortholog of human FGF1 having the amino acid sequence shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Amino acid sequence of human FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) (GenBank accession no. AAH32697, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYISKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Papio anubis (olive baboon) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) (GenBank accession no. NP_001162557, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPP ANYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYISKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutan) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 3) (GenBank accession no. NP_001127073, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 60                                                                 M 61 AEGEITTFTA LTEKFNLPPG NYKKPKLLYC SNGGHFLRIL PDGTVDGTRD RSDQHIQLQL 121 SAESVGEVYI KSTETGQYLA MDTDGLLYGS QTPNEECLFL ERLEENHYNT YISKKHAEKN 181 WFVGLKKNGS CKRGPRTHYG QKAILFLPLP VSSD Amino acid sequence of Callithrix jacchus (white-tufted-ear marmoset) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 4) (GenBank accession no. XP_002744341, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFDLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYISKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Equus caballus (horse) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 5) (GenBank accession no. NP_001157358, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 6) (GenBank accession no. JAA29511, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPS GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYISKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Loxodonta africana (elephant) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 7) (GenBank accession no. XP_003404621, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKGTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Canis lupus familiaris (dog) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 8) (GenBank accession no. XP_849274, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPP GNYMKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Ailuropoda melanoleuca (giant panda) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 9) (GenBank accession no. XP_002912581, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPA GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis (Bolivian squirrel monkey) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 10) (GenBank accession no. XP_003920596, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFDLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDLHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYISKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Sus scrofa (pig) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 11) (GenBank accession no. XP_003124058, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTSGLLYG SQTPSEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Otolemur garnettii (small-eared galago) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 12) (GenBank accession no. XP_003782135, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPL GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTQ DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTQTGQYL AMDSDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYVSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (greater horseshoe bat) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 13) (GenBank accession no. ACC62496, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEVTTFT ALTEKFNLPT GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DKSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTESGQYL AMDSDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Sorex araneus (European shrew) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 14) (GenBank accession no. ACE75805, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFG ALMEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGHYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 15) (GenBank accession no. NP_001164959, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEVTTFT ALTEKFNLPA GNYKLPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPSEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 16) (GenBank accession no. XP_003502469, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFS ALTERFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESAGEVY IKGTETGQYR NMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian devil) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 17) (GenBank accession no. XP_003756738, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTERFNLPL GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGKVDGTR DRNDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTESGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPTEECLF LERLEENHYN TYISKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSE Amino acid sequence of Mus musculus (house mouse) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 18) (GenBank accession no. NP_034327, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFA ALTERFNLPL GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESAGEVY IKGTETGQYL AMDTEGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 19) (GenBank accession no. XP_003477242, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFA ALTEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAEGVGEVY IQSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPSEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHVEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSD Amino acid sequence of Monodelphis domestica (gray short-tailed opossum) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 20) (GenBank accession no. XP_001368921, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTERFNLPL GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGKVDGTR DRNDQHIQLQ 61 LSTESVGEVY IKSTESGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPSEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKKGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSE Amino acid sequence of Desmodus rotundus (common vampire bat) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 21) (GenBank accession no. JAA45191, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEVTTFT ALTEKFNLPL ESYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DKSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTGSGQYL AMDSAGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVNSD Amino acid sequence of Bos taurus (cattle) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 22) (GenBank accession no. NP_776480, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGETTTFT ALTEKFNLPL GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGYFLRI LPDGTVDGTK DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LCAESIGEVY IKSTETGQFL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYISKKHAEK 121 HWFVGLKKNG RSKLGPRTHF GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Ornithorhynchus anatinus (platypus) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 23) (GenBank accession no. XP_001514861, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALMEKFDLPL GNYKKPRLLY CSNGGYFLRI QPDGKVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTESGHYL AMDTEGLLYG SQAPSEDCLF LERLEENHYN TYVSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVASD Amino acid sequence of Taeniopygia guttata (zebra finch) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 24) (GenBank accession no. XP_002193287, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFS ALTEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGVVH IQSTQSGQYL AMDTNGLLYG SQLPPGECLF LERLEENHYN TYVSKMHADK 121 NWFVGLKKNG TSKLGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVAAD Amino acid sequence of Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillo) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 25) (GenBank accession no. AC006224, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFM ALMEKFNLPL ENYKHPRLLY CRNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSAETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SETPSEECLF MEKLEENNYN TYISKKHAEK 121 KWFVGLKKDG SSKRGPQTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Xenopus Silurana tropicalis (western clawed frog) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 26) (GenBank accession no. ACJ50585, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGDITTFN PIAESFSLPI GNYKKPKLLY CNNGGYFLRI LPDGVVDGTR DRDDLYITLK 61 LSAQSQGEVH IKSTETGSYL AMDSSGQLYG TLTPNEESLF LETLEENHYN TYKSKKYAEN 121 NWFVGIKKNG ASKKGSRTHY GQKAILFLPL PASPD Amino acid sequence of Heterocephalus glaber (naked mole-rat) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 27) (GenBank accession no. EHA99379, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGKVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAEGVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTASEECLF LERLEENHYN TYISKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Pteropus alecto (black flying fox) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 28) (GenBank accession no. ELK02961, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEVTTFT ALTERFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DKSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTESGQYL AMDSDGLLYG SQTPDEDCLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Tupaia chinensis (Chinese tree shrew) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 29) (GenBank accession no. ELW69091, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFA ALTEKFDLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LTAENVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDADGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYISKKHAEK 121 NWFVALKKNG SCKLGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Columba livia (rock pigeon) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 30) (GenBank accession no. EMC79997, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGKVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTQSGQYL AMDPTGLLYG SQLLGEECLF LERIEENHYN TYVSKKHADK 121 NWFVGLKKNG NSKLGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSAD Amino acid sequence of Ovis aries (sheep) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 31) (GenBank accession no. XP_004008958, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGETTTFR ALTEKFNLPL GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGYFLRI LPDGRVDGTK DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LYAESIGEVY IKSTETGQFL AMDTNGLLYG SQTPSEECLF LERLEENHYN TYISKKHAEK 121 NWFIGLKKNG SSKLGPRTHF GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Gallus gallus (chicken) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 32) (GenBank accession no. NP_990511, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTERFGLPL GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGKVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAEDVGEVY IKSTASGQYL AMDTNGLLYG SQLPGEECLF LERLEENHYN TYISKKHADK 121 NWFVGLKKNG NSKLGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSAD Amino acid sequence of Vicugna pacos (alpaca) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 33) (Ensembl accession no. ENSVPAP00000007810; partial sequence corresponding to human FGF1 residues 58 to 155, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 QLQLSAESVG EVYIKSTETG QYLAMDTDGL LHGSQTPNEE CLFLERLEEN HYNTYTSKKH 61 AEKNWFVGLK KNGSCKRGPR THYGQKAILF LPLPVSSD Amino acid sequence of Anolis carolinensis (anole lizard) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 34) (Ensembl accession no. ENSACAP00000013203, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTERFALPM ENYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGKVDGTM DRNDSYIQLL 61 LTAEDVGVVY IKGTETGQYL AMDANGHLYG SQLPTEECLF VETLEENHYN TYTSKMHGDK 121 KWYVGLKKNG KGKLGPRTHR GQKAILFLPL PVSPD Amino acid sequence of Otolemur garnettii (bushbaby) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 35) (Ensembl accession no. ENSOGAP00000004540, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPL GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTQ DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTQTGQYL AMDSDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYVSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Felis catus (cat) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 36) (Ensembl accession no. ENSFCAP00000008457, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Pelodiscus sinensis (Chinese softshell turtle) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 37) (Ensembl accession no. ENSPSIP00000016356, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPL GNYKNPKLLY CSNGGYFLRI HPDGKVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTESGQFL AMDANGLLYG SLSPSEECLF LERMEENHYN TYISKKHADK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKLGPRTHY GQKAVLFLPL PVSAD Amino acid sequence of Latimeria chalumnae (coelacanth) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 38) (Ensembl accession no. ENSLACP00000015106, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEDKITTLK ALAEKFNLPM GNYKKAKLLY CSNGGYFLRI PPDGKVEGIR ERSDKYIQLQ 61 MNAESLGMVS IKGVEAGQYL AMNTNGLLYG SQSLTEECLF MEKMEENHYN TYRSKTHADK 121 NWYVGIRKNG SIKPGPRTHI GQKAVLFLPL PASSD Amino acid sequence of Tursiops truncatus (dolphin) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 39) (Ensembl accession no. ENSTTRP00000004470, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYASKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Mustela putorius furo (ferret) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 40) (Ensembl accession no. ENSMPUP00000007888, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALMEKFNLPA GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Nomascus leucogenys (gibbon) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 41) (Ensembl accession no. ENSNLEP00000011873, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYISKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Gorilla gorilla (gorilla) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 42) (Ensembl accession no. ENSGGOP00000017663, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYISKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Erinaceus europaeus (hedgehog) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 43) (Ensembl accession no. ENSEEUP00000005318, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPL GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Procavia capensis (hyrax) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 44) (Ensembl accession no. ENSPCAP00000010969, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (partial sequence corresponding to human FGF1 residues 1 to 91): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPL ENYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKGTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG S Amino acid sequence of Dipodomys ordii (kangaroo rat) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 45) (Ensembl accession no. ENSDORP00000006889, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (partial sequence corresponding to human FGF1 residues 1 to 16 and 58 to 155): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTERF---- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------QLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDADGLLYG SQTPDEECLF LERLEENHYN TYIAKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Petromyzon marinus (lamprey) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 46) (Ensembl accession no. ENSPMAP00000010683, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (partial sequence corresponding to human FGF1 residues 1 to 93): 1 MEVGHIGTLP VVPAGPVFPG SFKEPRRLYC RSAGHHLQIL GDGTVSGTQD ENEPHAVLQL 61 QAVRRGVVTI RGLCAERFLA MSTEGHLYGA VR Amino acid sequence of Echinops telfairi (lesser hedgehog tenrec) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 47) (Ensembl accession no. ENSETEP00000014504, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (partial sequence corresponding to human FGF1 residues 58 to 155) 1 QLKLVAESVG VVYIKSIKTG QYLAMNPDGL LYGSETPEEE CLFLETLEEN HYTTFKSKKH 61 VEKNWFVGLR KNGRVKIGPR THQGQKAILF LPLPVSSD Amino acid sequence of Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 48) (Ensembl accession no. ENSMMUP00000030943, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Pteropus vampyrus (megabat) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 49) (Ensembl accession no. ENSPVAP00000004349, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEVTTFT ALTERFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DKSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTESGQYL AMDSDGLLYG SQTPDEDCLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Myotis lucifugus (microbat) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 50) (Ensembl accession no. ENSMLUP00000006481, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEVTTFT ALTERFNLPL ENYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTESGQYL AMDSDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Microcebus murinus (mouse lemur) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 51) (Ensembl accession no. ENSMICP00000008602, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESAGEVY IKSTQTGRYL AMDADGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYVSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Ochotona princeps (pika) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 52) (Ensembl accession no. ENSOPRP00000011739, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEVTTFS ALTEKFNLPG GNYKLPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDLH---- 61 -------EVF IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPSEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGIKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Rattus norvegicus (rat) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 53) (Ensembl accession no. ENSRNOP00000018577, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFA ALTERFNLPL GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESAGEVY IKGTETGQYL AMDTEGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Choloepus hoffmanni (sloth) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 54) (Ensembl accession no. ENSCHOP00000010964, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALMEKFNLPP GNYMKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDLHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSAETGQYL AMDTGGLLYG SQTPSEECLF LERLEENHYN TYVSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SSKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Ictidomys tridecemlineatus (squirrel) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 55) (Ensembl accession no. ENSSTOP00000021782, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYTSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Tarsius syrichta (tarsier) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 56) (Ensembl accession no. ENSTSYP00000006804, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYVSKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Tupaia belangeri (tree shrew) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 57) (Ensembl accession no. ENSTBEP00000010264, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFA ALTEKFDLPP GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ 61 LTAENVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDADGLLYG SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYISKKHAEK 121 NWFVALKKNG SCKLGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSD Amino acid sequence of Meleagris gallopavo (turkey) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 58) (Ensembl accession no. ENSMGAP00000016398; partial sequence corresponding to human FGF1 residues 1 to 56, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTERFGLPL GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGKVDGTR DRSDQH Amino acid sequence of Macropus eugenii (wallaby) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 59) (Ensembl accession no. ENSMEUP00000015084, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEGEITTFT ALTERFNLPL GNYKKPKLLY CSNGGHFLRI LPDGKVDGTR DRNDQHIQLQ 61 LSAESVGEVY IKSTESGQYL AMDTNGLLYG SQTPSEECLF LERLEENHYN TYISKKHAEK 121 NWFVGLKKNG SCKRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL PVSSE Amino acid sequence of Danio rerio (zebrafish) FGF1 (SEQ ID NO: 60) (Ensembl accession no. ENSDARP00000008825, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MTEADIAVKS SPRDYKKLTR LYCMNGGFHL QILADGTVAG AADENTYSIL RIKATSPGVV 61 VIEGSETGLY LSMNEHGKLY ASSLVTDESY FLEKMEENHY NTYQSQKHGE NWYVGIKKNG 121 KMKRGPRTHI GQKAIFFLPR QVEQEED

As noted above, the portion of the paracrine FGF may be modified to decrease binding affinity for heparin and/or heparan sulfate compared to the portion without the modification. In one embodiment, the modified portion of the paracrine FGF includes one or more substitutions, additions, or deletions.

In one embodiment, the one or more substitutions are located at one or more amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: 1 selected from N33, K127, K128, N129, K133, R134, R137, Q142, K143, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the one or more substitutions are selected from N33T, K127D, K128Q, N129T, K133V, R134L, R137H, Q142M, K143T/L/I, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the modification is one or more substitutions which are located at one or more amino acid residues corresponding to residues of SEQ ID NO: 1 selected from N33, K127, K128, N129, K133, R134, R137, Q142, K143, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the modification is one or more substitutions which are located at one or more amino acid residues corresponding to residues of SEQ ID NO: 1 selected from N33, K127, K128, N129, K133, R134, R137, Q142, K143, and combinations thereof. Amino acid residues corresponding to those of SEQ ID NO:1 may be determined by, for example, sequence analysis and structural analysis.

Also encompassed within the present invention are portions of paracrine FGFs other than FGF1 (e.g., FGF2, FGF4, FGF5, FGF6, FGF9, FGF16, and FGF20). The portions derived from paracrine FGFs other than FGF1 include portions corresponding to the above-identified amino acid sequences of FGF1. Corresponding portions may be determined by, for example, sequence analysis and structural analysis.

It will be understood that the portion of the paracrine FGF according to the present invention may be derived from a nucleotide sequence that encodes a paracrine FGF protein. For example, in one embodiment, the nucleotide sequence is the nucleotide sequence that encodes human FGF1 (GenBank Accession No. BC032697, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 61), as follows:

91                                  ATGGCTGAAG GGGAAATCAC CACCTTCACA 121 GCCCTGACCG AGAAGTTTAA TCTGCCTCCA GGGAATTACA AGAAGCCCAA ACTCCTCTAC 181 TGTAGCAACG GGGGCCACTT CCTGAGGATC CTTCCGGATG GCACAGTGGA TGGGACAAGG 241 GACAGGAGCG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG CTCAGTGCGG AAAGCGTGGG GGAGGTGTAT 301 ATAAAGAGTA CCGAGACTGG CCAGTACTTG GCCATGGACA CCGACGGGCT TTTATACGGC 361 TCACAGACAC CAAATGAGGA ATGTTTGTTC CTGGAAAGGC TGGAGGAGAA CCATTACAAC 421 ACCTATATAT CCAAGAAGCA TGCAGAGAAG AATTGGTTTG TTGGCCTCAA GAAGAATGGG 481 AGCTGCAAAC GCGGTCCTCG GACTCACTAT GGCCAGAAAG CAATCTTGTT TCTCCCCCTG 541 CCAGTCTCTT CTGATTAA

In another embodiment of the present invention, the portion of the paracrine FGF of the chimeric protein may be derived from a nucleotide sequence that encodes an ortholog of human FGF1. Nucleotide sequences that encode FGF1 orthologs are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Olive Baboon FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 62) (GenBank accession no. NM_001169086, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCTGAAG GGGAAATCAC CACGTTCACA GCCCTGACCG AGAAGTTTAA TCTGCCTCCA 61 GCGAATTACA AGAAGCCCAA ACTGCTCTAC TGTAGCAACG GGGGACACTT CTTGAGGATC 121 CTTCCGGATG GCACAGTGGA TGGGACAAGG GACAGGAGCG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTCAGTGCGG AAAGCGTGGG GGAGGTGTAT ATAAAGAGTA CCGAGACTGG CCAGTACTTG 241 GCCATGGACA CCGACGGGCT TTTATACGGC TCACAGACAC CAAATGAGGA ATGTTTGTTC 301 CTGGAAAGGC TGGAGGAGAA CCATTACAAC ACCTACATAT CCAAGAAGCA CGCAGAGAAG 361 AATTGGTTTG TTGGCCTCAA GAAGAATGGA AGCTGCAAAC GTGGTCCTCG GACTCACTAT 421 GGCCAGAAAG CAATCTTGTT TCTTCCCCTG CCAGTCTCTT CTGATTAA Sumatran orangutan FGF1 gene coding sequence (60-214) (SEQ ID NO: 63) (GenBank accession no. NM_001133601, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 211                                  ATGGCTGAAG GGGAAATCAC CACCTTCACA 241 GCCCTGACCG AGAAGTTTAA TCTGCCTCCA GGGAATTACA AGAAGCCCAA ACTCCTCTAC 301 TGTAGCAACG GGGGCCACTT CTTGAGGATC CTTCCGGATG GCACAGTGGA TGGGACAAGG 361 GACAGGAGCG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG CTCAGTGCGG AAAGCGTGGG GGAGGTGTAT 421 ATAAAGAGTA CCGAGACTGG CCAGTACTTG GCCATGGACA CCGACGGGCT TTTATACGGC 481 TCACAGACAC CAAATGAGGA ATGTTTGTTC CTGGAAAGGC TGGAGGAGAA CCATTACAAC 541 ACCTATATAT CCAAGAAGCA TGCAGAGAAG AATTGGTTTG TTGGCCTCAA GAAGAATGGA 601 AGCTGCAAAC GCGGTCCTCG GACTCACTAT GGCCAGAAAG CAATCTTGTT TCTCCCCCTG 661 CCAGTCTCTT CCGATTAA White-tufted-ear marmoset FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 64) (GenBank accession no. XM_002744295, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 130          A TGGCTGAAGG GGAAATCACC ACCTTCACAG CCCTGACCGA GAAGTTTGAT 181 CTGCCTCCAG GGAATTACAA GAAGCCCAAA CTCCTCTACT GTAGCAATGG GGGCCACTTC 241 TTGAGGATCC TTCCGGATGG CACAGTGGAT GGGACAAGGG ACAGGAGCGA CCAGCACATT 301 CAGCTGCAGC TCAGTGCGGA AAGCGTGGGG GAGGTGTATA TAAAGAGTAC CGAGACTGGC 361 CAGTACTTGG CCATGGACAC CGACGGGCTT TTATACGGCT CACAGACACC AAATGAGGAA 421 TGTTTGTTCC TGGAGAGGCT GGAGGAGAAC CATTACAACA CCTATATATC CAAGAAACAT 481 GCAGAGAAGA ATTGGTTTGT CGGCCTCAAG AAGAATGGAA GCTGTAAACG TGGTCCTCGG 541 ACTCACTATG GTCAGAAAGC GATCTTGTTT CTCCCCCTGC CAGTTTCTTC TGATTAA Horse FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 65) (GenBank accession no. NM_001163886, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 34                                     ATGGCTG AAGGAGAAAT CACAACCTTC 61 ACGGCCCTGA CCGAGAAGTT TAATCTGCCT CCAGGGAATT ACAAGAAGCC CAAACTCCTC 121 TACTGTAGCA ATGGGGGCCA CTTCCTGAGG ATCCTTCCAG ATGGCACAGT GGATGGGACA 181 AGGGACAGGA GCGACCAGCA CATTCAGCTG CAGCTCAGTG CGGAAAGCGT GGGGGAGGTG 241 TATATAAAGA GTACCGAGAC TGGCCAGTAC TTGGCCATGG ACACCGACGG GCTGTTGTAC 301 GGCTCACAGA CACCAAACGA GGAATGTTTG TTCCTGGAAA GGCTGGAGGA AAACCATTAC 361 AACACCTACA CATCCAAGAA GCATGCAGAG AAGAACTGGT TCGTTGGTCT CAAGAAGAAT 421 GGGAGCTGCA AACGCGGTCC TCGGACTCAC TATGGGCAGA AAGCAATCTT GTTTCTTCCC 481 CTGCCCGTCT CCTCTGACTA A Chimpanzee FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 66) (GenBank accession no. GABD01003589, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 80                     A TGGCTGAAGG GGAAATCACC ACCTTCACAG CCCTGACCGA 121 GAAGTTTAAT CTGCCTTCAG GGAATTACAA GAAGCCCAAA CTCCTCTACT GTAGCAACGG 181 GGGCCACTTC CTGAGGATCC TTCCGGATGG CACAGTGGAT GGGACAAGGG ACAGGAGCGA 241 CCAGCACATT CAGCTGCAGC TCAGTGCGGA AAGCGTGGGG GAGGTGTATA TAAAGAGTAC 301 CGAGACTGGC CAGTACTTGG CCATGGACAC CGACGGGCTT TTATACGGCT CACAGACACC 361 AAATGAGGAA TGTTTGTTCC TGGAACGGCT GGAGGAGAAC CATTACAACA CCTATATATC 421 CAAGAAGCAT GCAGAGAAGA ATTGGTTTGT TGGCCTCAAG AAGAATGGAA GCTGCAAACG 481 CGGTCCTCGG ACTCACTATG GCCAGAAAGC AATCTTGTTT CTCCCCCTGC CAGTCTCTTC 541 CGATTAA Elephant FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 67) (GenBank accession no. XM_003404573, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCCGAAG GGGAAATCAC AACTTTCACA GCCCTGACAG AGAAGTTCAA CCTGCCTCCA 61 GGGAATTACA AGAAGCCCAA ACTCCTCTAC TGTAGCAATG GAGGTCACTT CTTAAGGATC 121 CTTCCAGATG GCACAGTGGA TGGCACCAGG GACAGGAGTG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTCAGTGCGG AAAGCGTGGG GGAGGTGTAT ATAAAGGGCA CCGAGACTGG CCAGTACTTG 241 GCCATGGACA CCGACGGGCT TTTATACGGC TCACAGACAC CAAATGAGGA ATGTTTGTTC 301 CTGGAAAGGC TGGAGGAAAA CCATTACAAC ACCTACACAT CCAAGAAGCA CGCAGAGAAG 361 AATTGGTTCG TTGGTCTCAA GAAGAATGGA AGCTGCAAAC GCGGTCCTCG GACTCACTAT 421 GGCCAGAAAG CAATCTTGTT TCTCCCCCTG CCAGTCTCCT CTGATTAA Dog FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 68) (GenBank accession no. XM_844181, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 164                                                ATGGCTG AAGGGGAAAT 181 CACAACCTTC ACTGCCCTGA CGGAGAAGTT TAATCTGCCT CCGGGGAATT ACATGAAGCC 241 CAAACTCCTC TACTGTAGCA ACGGGGGCCA CTTCCTGAGG ATCCTTCCAG ATGGCACAGT 301 GGATGGGACA AGGGACAGGA GCGACCAGCA CATTCAGCTG CAGCTCAGCG CGGAAAGCGT 361 GGGGGAGGTG TATATAAAGA GCACCGAGAC TGGCCAGTAC TTGGCCATGG ACACCGATGG 421 GCTTCTGTAC GGCTCACAGA CACCGAATGA GGAATGTTTG TTCCTGGAAA GGCTGGAGGA 481 AAACCATTAC AACACCTACA CATCCAAGAA GCATGCAGAA AAAAATTGGT TTGTTGGTCT 541 CAAGAAGAAT GGAAGCTGCA AACGCGGTCC TCGGACTCAC TATGGTCAAA AAGCAATTTT 601 GTTTCTCCCC CTGCCAGTGT CCTCTGATTA A Giant panda FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 69) (GenBank accession no. XM_002912535, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 146                            ATGGC TGAAGGGGAG ATCACAACCT TCACCGCCCT 181 GACGGAGAAG TTTAATCTGC CTGCGGGGAA TTACAAGAAG CCCAAACTCC TCTACTGTAG 241 CAACGGGGGC CACTTCCTGA GGATCCTTCC AGATGGCACA GTGGACGGGA CGAGGGACAG 301 GAGCGACCAG CACATTCAAC TGCAGCTCAG CGCGGAAAGC GTAGGGGAGG TGTACATAAA 361 GAGCACCGAG ACCGGCCAGT ACTTGGCCAT GGACACCGAT GGGCTTCTGT ACGGCTCACA 421 GACACCAAAT GAGGAATGTT TGTTCCTGGA AAGGCTGGAG GAAAACCATT ACAACACCTA 481 CACATCCAAG AAGCACGCGG AGAAGAATTG GTTTGTTGGT CTCAAGAAGA ATGGAAGCTG 541 CAAACGTGGT CCTCGGACTC ACTATGGCCA GAAAGCAATT CTGTTTCTCC CCCTGCCAGT 601 CTCCTCTGAT TAA Bolivian squirrel monkey FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 70) (GenBank accession no. XM_003920547, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 130          A TGGCTGAAGG GGAAATCACC ACCTTTACAG CCCTGACCGA GAAGTTTGAT 181 CTGCCTCCAG GGAATTACAA GAAGCCCAAA CTCCTCTACT GTAGCAACGG GGGCCACTTC 241 TTGAGGATCC TTCCGGATGG CACAGTGGAT GGGACCAGGG ACAGGAGCGA TCTTCACATT 301 CAGCTGCAGC TCAGTGCGGA AAGCGTGGGG GAGGTGTATA TAAAGAGTAC CGAGACTGGC 361 CAGTACTTGG CCATGGACAC CGACGGGCTT TTATACGGCT CACAGACACC AAATGAGGAA 421 TGTTTGTTCC TGGAAAGGCT GGAGGAGAAC CATTACAACA CCTATATATC CAAGAAACAC 481 GCAGAGAAGA ATTGGTTTGT TGGCCTCAAG AAGAATGGAA GCTGCAAGCG CGGTCCTCGG 541 ACTCACTATG GCCAGAAAGC AATCTTGTTT CTCCCCCTGC CAGTCTCTTC TGATTAA Pig FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 71) (GenBank accession no. XM_003124010, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 35                                      ATGGCT GAAGGCGAAA TCACAACCTT 61 CACGGCCCTG ACCGAGAAGT TTAATCTGCC TCCAGGAAAT TACAAGAAGC CCAAGCTCCT 121 CTACTGCAGC AACGGGGGCC ATTTCCTCAG GATCCTTCCA GATGGCACAG TGGATGGGAC 181 CAGGGACAGG AGCGACCAGC ACATTCAGCT GCAGCTCAGT GCGGAAAGCG TGGGGGAGGT 241 GTATATAAAG AGTACGGAGA CTGGCCAGTA CTTGGCCATG GACACCAGCG GGCTTTTGTA 301 CGGCTCACAG ACACCCAGTG AGGAGTGTTT GTTCCTGGAG AGGCTGGAGG AAAACCATTA 361 CAATACCTAC ACATCCAAGA AGCACGCAGA GAAGAACTGG TTCGTTGGCC TCAAGAAGAA 421 TGGAAGCTGC AAACGCGGTC CTCGGACTCA CTATGGCCAG AAAGCCATCC TGTTTCTCCC 481 CCTGCCAGTA TCCTCGGATT AA Small-eared galago FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 72) (GenBank accession no. XM_003782087, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 28                              ATG GCTGAAGGGG AAATCACAAC CTTCACAGCC 61 CTCACAGAGA AGTTTAATCT GCCTCTAGGA AATTACAAGA AGCCCAAGCT CCTCTACTGT 121 AGCAACGGGG GTCACTTTCT GAGGATCCTG CCGGATGGCA CCGTGGATGG GACACAAGAC 181 AGGAGCGACC AGCACATTCA GCTGCAGCTC AGTGCGGAAA GCGTGGGGGA GGTGTATATA 241 AAGAGTACCC AGACTGGCCA GTACTTGGCC ATGGACTCCG ACGGGCTTTT ATACGGCTCA 301 CAAACACCAA ATGAGGAATG CCTGTTCCTG GAACGGCTGG AGGAAAACCA TTACAACACC 361 TATGTGTCCA AGAAGCACGC CGAGAAGAAT TGGTTTGTCG GTCTCAAGAA GAACGGAAGT 421 TGCAAACGTG GTCCTCGGAC TCACTACGGC CAGAAAGCAA TCTTGTTTCT CCCCCTGCCA 481 GTCTCCTCTG ATTAA Greater horseshoe bat FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 73) (GenBank accession no. DP000705, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 190120                                           T TAATCAGAGG AGACTGGCAG 190141 GGGGAGAAAC AGGATTGCTT TCTGGCCATA GTGAGTCCGA GGACCGCGCT TGCAGCTTCC 190201 ATTCTTCTTG AGCCCAACGA ACCAATTCTT TTCTGCGTGC TTCTTGGACG TGTAGGTGTT 190261 GTAATGGTTT TCCTCCAGCC TTTCCAGGAA CAGACATTCC TCATTTGGTG TCTG 194466      TGAGC CGTACAAAAG CCCGTCGGAG TCCATGGCCA AGTACTGGCC ACTCTCGGTG 194521 CTCTTTATAT ACACCTCCCC CACGCTTTCC GCACTGAGCT GCAGCTGAA 208114                                     TGTGCTG GTCACTCTTG TCCCTTGTCC 208141 CATCCACTGT GCCATCTGGA AGGATCCTCA GGAAGTGGCC CCCGTTGCTG CAGTAGAGAA 208201 GTTTGGGTTT CTTGTAATTC CCTGTAGGCA GATTAAACTT CTCAGTAAGG GCTGTGAACG 208261 TGGTGACTTC CCCTTCGGCC AT European shrew FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 74) (GenBank accession no. DP000767, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 138344                                                CTAGTCG GAGGAGACGG 138361 GCAGGGGGAG AAACAAGATC GCTTTCTGGC CGTAGTGAGT CCGGGGACCA CGCTTGCAGC 138421 TTCCGTTCTT CTTCAGACCA ACAAACCAAT TCTTCTCGGC ATGCTTCTTG GAGGTATAGG 138481 TGTTGTAATG GTTTTCCTCC AGCCTTTCCA GAAACAGACA TTCCTCATTC GGTGTTTG 143512                                                         TGAGCCGTA 143521 TAAAAGCCCG TCGGTGTCCA TGGCCAAGTA ATGGCCAGTC TCCGTGCTCT TTATATACAC 143581 CTCCCCCACG CTTTCCGCAC TGAGCTGCAG CTGAA 157009                                                     TG TGCTGGTCGC 157021 TGCGGTCCCT GGTCCCATCC ACTGTGCCGT CCGGGAGGAT GCGCAGGAAG TGGCCCCCGT 157081 TGCTGCAGTA CAGGAGTTTG GGCTTCTTGT AGTTCCCTGG TGGCAGGTTA AACTTCTCCA 157141 TGAGGGCCCC AAAGGTGGTG ATCTCCCCCT CGGCCAT Rabbit FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 75) (GenBank accession no. NM_001171488, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCTGAGG GGGAGGTCAC CACCTTCACA GCCCTGACCG AGAAGTTCAA CCTGCCTGCA 61 GGGAACTACA AGTTGCCCAA ACTCCTCTAC TGCAGCAACG GGGGCCACTT CCTGAGGATC 121 CTGCCGGACG GCACTGTGGA CGGCACAAGG GACAGGAGCG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTGAGTGCGG AAAGCGTGGG GGAGGTGTAT ATAAAGAGTA CGGAGACCGG CCAGTACTTG 241 GCCATGGACA CCGACGGCCT TTTATACGGC TCGCAAACGC CCAGTGAGGA GTGTTTGTTC 301 CTGGAACGGC TGGAGGAGAA CCACTACAAC ACCTACACGT CCAAGAAGCA CGCCGAGAAG 361 AACTGGTTCG TGGGGCTGAA GAAAAACGGG AGCTGCAAGC GCGGTCCTCG GACTCACTAC 421 GGCCAGAAAG CCATCTTGTT CCTCCCCCTG CCGGTCTCCT CCGACTAA Chinese hamster FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 76) (GenBank accession no. XM_003502421, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCTGAAG GAGAAATCAC CACCTTCTCA GCCCTGACAG AGAGATTTAA TCTGCCTCCA 61 GGAAACTACA AGAAGCCCAA ACTGCTCTAC TGCAGCAACG GGGGCCACTT CTTGAGGATC 121 CTTCCAGATG GCACAGTGGA TGGGACAAGG GACAGGAGTG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTGAGTGCGG AAAGCGCGGG CGAAGTGTAT ATAAAGGGTA CAGAGACAGG CCAGTACAGG 241 AACATGGACA CGGATGGCCT TTTATACGGC TCACAGACAC CAAATGAAGA ATGCCTGTTC 301 CTGGAAAGGC TGGAAGAAAA CCATTACAAC ACTTATACAT CCAAGAAGCA CGCAGAGAAG 361 AACTGGTTTG TGGGCCTCAA GAAAAACGGG AGCTGCAAGC GTGGTCCTCG GACTCACTAT 421 GGCCAGAAAG CAATCTTGTT TCTCCCCCTG CCTGTATCTT CTGACTAG Tasmanian devil FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 77) (GenBank accession no. XM_003756690, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 24                          ATGGCCG AAGGGGAGAT CACAACCTTC ACAGCCCTGA 61 CCGAAAGATT TAATCTGCCA CTGGGGAATT ACAAGAAGCC CAAGCTTCTC TACTGTAGCA 121 ATGGGGGCCA CTTTTTGAGG ATTCTTCCTG ATGGTAAAGT GGATGGGACA AGGGACAGAA 181 ATGATCAACA CATTCAACTG CAACTAAGCG CGGAAAGCGT GGGTGAGGTG TATATAAAGA 241 GCACTGAGTC TGGCCAGTAT TTGGCTATGG ACACCGATGG ACTTTTATAC GGCTCACAGA 301 CACCCACTGA AGAATGCTTG TTCCTGGAGA GATTGGAGGA GAATCATTAC AACACCTACA 361 TATCAAAGAA GCATGCGGAG AAAAATTGGT TTGTGGGCCT CAAGAAAAAT GGAAGCTGCA 421 AAAGAGGTCC CAGGACTCAC TATGGCCAGA AAGCCATCCT CTTCCTTCCC CTCCCTGTGT 481 CCTCTGAGTA A House mouse FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 78) (GenBank accession no. NM_010197, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 188        ATG GCTGAAGGGG AGATCACAAC CTTCGCAGCC CTGACCGAGA GGTTCAACCT 241 GCCTCTAGGA AACTACAAAA AGCCCAAACT GCTCTACTGC AGCAACGGGG GCCACTTCTT 301 GAGGATCCTT CCTGATGGCA CCGTGGATGG GACAAGGGAC AGGAGCGACC AGCACATTCA 361 GCTGCAGCTC AGTGCGGAAA GTGCGGGCGA AGTGTATATA AAGGGTACGG AGACCGGCCA 421 GTACTTGGCC ATGGACACCG AAGGGCTTTT ATACGGCTCG CAGACACCAA ATGAGGAATG 481 TCTGTTCCTG GAAAGGCTGG AAGAAAACCA TTATAACACT TACACCTCCA AGAAGCATGC 541 GGAGAAGAAC TGGTTTGTGG GCCTCAAGAA GAACGGGAGC TGTAAGCGCG GTCCTCGGAC 601 TCACTATGGC CAGAAAGCCA TCTTGTTTCT GCCCCTCCCG GTGTCTTCTG ACTAG Domestic guinea pig FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-154) (SEQ ID NO: 79) (GenBank accession no. XM_003477194, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCTGAAG GAGAAATCAC AACTTTTGCA GCCCTGACTG AGAAGTTTAA TCTGCCTCCA 61 GGGAATTATA AGAAGCCCAA ACTGCTCTAC TGCAGCAATG GGGGCCACTT CCTGAGGATC 121 CTTCCAGACG GCACAGTGGA CGGCACAAGA GACAGGAGCG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTCAGTGCGG AAGGCGTGGG GGAGGTGTAT ATACAGAGCA CCGAGACCGG CCAGTACTTG 241 GCCATGGACA CCGACGGGCT TTTATACGGC TCACAGACAC CAAGTGAGGA ATGCTTGTTC 301 CTGGAAAGGC TGGAGGAAAA CCATTACAAC ACCTACACAT CCAAGAAGCA TGTGGAGAAG 361 AATTGGTTTG TTGGCCTCAA GAAGAACGGA AGCTGCAAGC GTGGTCCTCG GACTCACTAT 421 GGCCAGAAAG CAATCTTGTT CCTCCCCTTG CCAGTCTCTG ATTAG Gray short-tailed opossum FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 80) (GenBank accession no. XM_001368884, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCCGAAG GGGAGATCAC AACCTTCACA GCCCTGACTG AAAGATTTAA CCTGCCACTG 61 GGGAATTACA AGAAACCCAA GCTTCTCTAC TGTAGCAATG GGGGCCATTT CTTGAGGATC 121 CTTCCTGATG GCAAAGTGGA TGGGACACGG GACAGAAATG ATCAACACAT TCAACTGCAG 181 CTGAGCACGG AAAGTGTGGG TGAGGTGTAT ATAAAGAGCA CTGAGTCTGG CCAGTATTTG 241 GCTATGGACA CCGATGGACT TTTATATGGC TCACAGACAC CCAGTGAAGA ATGCTTGTTT 301 CTGGAGAGGT TGGAGGAGAA TCATTACAAC ACCTACACAT CGAAGAAGCA TGCAGAGAAA 361 AATTGGTTTG TTGGTCTCAA GAAGAATGGA AGCTGCAAAA AGGGTCCCAG GACTCACTAC 421 GGCCAGAAAG CCATCCTGTT CCTTCCCCTC CCTGTGTCCT CTGAGTAA Common vampire bat FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 81) (GenBank accession no. GABZ01008334, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCTGAAG GGGAAGTCAC CACGTTCACA GCTCTGACTG AGAAGTTTAA TCTGCCTCTG 61 GAGAGTTACA AGAAGCCCAA ACTTCTCTAC TGCAGCAACG GTGGCCACTT CCTGAGGATC 121 CTTCCAGATG GTACAGTGGA TGGGACAAGG GACAAGAGCG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTCAGTGCGG AAAGCGTGGG GGAGGTGTAC ATAAAGAGCA CCGGGAGTGG CCAGTACTTG 241 GCCATGGACT CCGCCGGGCT TTTGTATGGC TCACAGACAC CAAATGAGGA ATGTTTGTTC 301 CTGGAAAGGC TGGAGGAAAA CCATTACAAC ACCTACACAT CCAAGAAGCA TGCAGAAAAG 361 AATTGGTTCG TGGGGCTCAA GAAGAATGGA AGCTGCAAGC GTGGCCCCCG GACTCATTAT 421 GGCCAGAAAG CAATCTTGTT TCTCCCCCTG CCAGTCAACT CTGATTAA Cattle FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 82) (GenBank accession no. NM_174055, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 918                   ATG GCTGAAGGAG AAACCACGAC CTTCACGGCC CTGACTGAGA 961 AGTTTAACCT GCCTCTAGGC AATTACAAGA AGCCCAAGCT CCTCTACTGC AGCAACGGGG 1021 GCTACTTCCT GAGAATCCTC CCAGATGGCA CAGTGGATGG GACGAAGGAC AGGAGCGACC 1081 AGCACATTCA GCTGCAGCTC TGTGCGGAAA GCATAGGGGA GGTGTATATT AAGAGTACGG 1141 AGACTGGCCA GTTCTTGGCC ATGGACACCG ACGGGCTTTT GTACGGCTCA CAGACACCCA 1201 ATGAGGAATG TTTGTTCCTG GAAAGGTTGG AGGAAAACCA TTACAACACC TACATATCCA 1261 AGAAGCATGC AGAGAAGCAT TGGTTCGTTG GTCTCAAGAA GAACGGAAGG TCTAAACTCG 1321 GTCCTCGGAC TCACTTCGGC CAGAAAGCCA TCTTGTTTCT CCCCCTGCCA GTCTCCTCTG 1381 ATTAA Platypus FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 83) (GenBank accession no. XM_001514811, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCGGAGG GTGAAATCAC CACGTTCACA GCCCTGATGG AGAAGTTCGA CCTACCCCTG 61 GGCAACTACA AAAAGCCTAG GCTGCTCTAC TGCAGCAATG GCGGCTACTT CCTGCGCATC 121 CAGCCAGACG GTAAAGTGGA CGGGACCAGG GATCGGAGCG ATCAGCACAT TCAACTGCAG 181 CTAAGCGCGG AAAGCGTGGG CGAGGTGTAT ATAAAGAGCA CCGAGTCTGG CCACTATTTG 241 GCTATGGACA CCGAAGGACT TTTATATGGC TCACAGGCAC CCAGTGAAGA CTGCTTGTTC 301 CTGGAGCGGC TGGAGGAGAA CCACTATAAC ACGTACGTGT CCAAGAAGCA CGCTGAGAAG 361 AATTGGTTTG TCGGTCTCAA GAAGAACGGG AGCTGCAAAC GAGGTCCCCG GACTCACTAC 421 GGCCAGAAAG CCATCCTCTT CCTCCCGCTC CCCGTGGCAT CCGACTAG Zebra finch FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 84) (GenBank accession no. XM_002193251, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCCGAGG GGGAGATCAC CACCTTCAGC GCCCTGACGG AGAAGTTCAA CCTGCCCCCG 61 GGGAACTACA AGAAGCCCAA ACTGCTGTAC TGCAGCAACG GGGGGCATTT CCTGCGCATC 121 CTCCCGGACG GCACCGTGGA TGGCACCAGG GACCGCAGCG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTCCAG 181 CTGAGTGCAG AGAGCGTGGG GGTGGTGCAC ATCCAGAGCA CCCAGTCGGG GCAGTACCTG 241 GCCATGGACA CCAACGGGCT GCTCTACGGC TCGCAGCTGC CACCCGGTGA GTGTCTGTTC 301 CTGGAAAGGC TGGAGGAGAA CCATTACAAC ACCTACGTCT CCAAAATGCA CGCGGACAAG 361 AACTGGTTTG TGGGGCTGAA GAAGAACGGG ACAAGCAAGC TGGGCCCGCG GACTCACTAC 421 GGCCAGAAGG CGATCCTGTT CCTGCCGCTG CCCGTGGCGG CCGACTGA Nine-banded armadillo FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 85) (GenBank accession no. DP001080, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 178389         TT AATCAGAGGA GACTGGCAGG GGAAGAAACA AGATAGCTTT CTGGCCATAG 178441 TGAGTCTGAG GACCACGTTT GCTGCTTCCG TCCTTCTTGA GACCAACAAA CCATTTCTTC 178501 TCTGCATGCT TCTTGGATAT GTAGGTGTTG TAATTGTTTT CTTCCAGCTT TTCCATGAAC 178561 AAGCATTCCT CACTTGGTGT CTC 182873                                                          TGAGCCAT 182881 ATAAAAGCCC GTCGGTGTCC ATGGCTAAGT ACTGGCCGGT CTCTGCACTC TTTATATACA 182941 CCTCCCCCAC GCTTTCCGCA CTGAGCTGCA GCTGAA 197786                            TGTGT TGGTCGCTCC TGTCCCTTGT CCCATCCACC 197821 GTGCCATCTG GAAGGATCCT CAAGAAGTGG CCCCCGTTTC TGCAGTAGAG GAGTCTGGGG 197881 TGCTTGTAAT TTTCTAGGGG CAGGTTGAAC TTCTCCATCA GGGCCATGAA GGTTGTGATC 197941 TCCCCTTCAG CCAT Xenopus Silurana tropicalis FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 86) (GenBank accession no. FJ428265, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCAGAGG GAGACATCAC AACATTCAAC CCCATTGCAG AGTCCTTCAG TCTTCCAATT 61 GGCAACTACA AGAAACCAAA ACTTCTGTAC TGTAATAATG GAGGGTATTT TTTGCGCATC 121 CTCCCAGATG GGGTTGTGGA TGGAACAAGA GACAGAGATG ACCTTTACAT TACACTGAAG 181 TTAAGCGCAC AAAGCCAAGG GGAGGTGCAT ATCAAAAGCA CAGAGACAGG GAGTTACTTA 241 GCCATGGACT CCAGTGGACA GTTGTATGGA ACTCTCACAC CAAATGAAGA AAGCCTGTTT 301 CTGGAGACAT TAGAAGAGAA TCACTATAAC ACATACAAGT CAAAGAAGTA TGCAGAAAAT 361 AACTGGTTTG TGGGGATAAA GAAGAACGGG GCAAGCAAAA AGGGATCAAG GACTCACTAT 421 GGACAAAAAG CCATCCTTTT TCTGCCGCTG CCAGCATCAC CTGACTAG Heterocephalus glaber FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 87) (generated using SMS Reverse Translate tool on the ExPASy Bioinformatics Resource website (www.expasy.org): 1 ATGGCGGAAG GCGAAATTAC CACCTTTACC GCGCTGACCG AAAAATTTAA CCTGCCGCCG 61 GGCAACTATA AAAAACCGAA ACTGCTGTAT TGCAGCAACG GCGGCCATTT TCTGCGCATT 121 CTGCCGGATG GCAAAGTGGA TGGCACCCGC GATCGCAGCG ATCAGCATAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTGAGCGCGG AAGGCGTGGG CGAAGTGTAT ATTAAAAGCA CCGAAACCGG CCAGTATCTG 241 GCGATGGATA CCGATGGCCT GCTGTATGGC AGCCAGACCG CGAGCGAAGA ATGCCTGTTT 301 CTGGAACGCC TGGAAGAAAA CCATTATAAC ACCTATATTA GCAAAAAACA TGCGGAAAAA 361 AACTGGTTTG TGGGCCTGAA AAAAAACGGC AGCTGCAAAC GCGGCCCGCG CACCCATTAT 421 GGCCAGAAAG CGATTCTGTT TCTGCCGCTG CCGGTGAGCA GCGAT Black flying fox FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 88) (generated using SMS Reverse Translate tool on the ExPASy Bioinformatics Resource website (www.expasy.org): 1 ATGGCGGAAG GCGAAGTGAC CACCTTTACC GCGCTGACCG AACGCTTTAA CCTGCCGCCG 61 GGCAACTATA AAAAACCGAA ACTGCTGTAT TGCAGCAACG GCGGCCATTT TCTGCGCATT 121 CTGCCGGATG GCACCGTGGA TGGCACCCGC GATAAAAGCG ATCAGCATAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTGAGCGCGG AAAGCGTGGG CGAAGTGTAT ATTAAAAGCA CCGAAAGCGG CCAGTATCTG 241 GCGATGGATA GCGATGGCCT GCTGTATGGC AGCCAGACCC CGGATGAAGA TTGCCTGTTT 301 CTGGAACGCC TGGAAGAAAA CCATTATAAC ACCTATACCA GCAAAAAACA TGCGGAAAAA 361 AACTGGTTTG TGGGCCTGAA AAAAAACGGC AGCTGCAAAC GCGGCCCGCG CACCCATTAT 421 GGCCAGAAAG CGATTCTGTT TCTGCCGCTG CCGGTGAGCA GCGAT Chinese tree shrew FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 89) (generated using SMS Reverse Translate tool on the ExPASy Bioinformatics Resource website (www.expasy.org): 1 ATGGCGGAAG GCGAAATTAC CACCTTTGCG GCGCTGACCG AAAAATTTGA TCTGCCGCCG 61 GGCAACTATA AAAAACCGAA ACTGCTGTAT TGCAGCAACG GCGGCCATTT TCTGCGCATT 121 CTGCCGGATG GCACCGTGGA TGGCACCCGC GATCGCAGCG ATCAGCATAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTGACCGCGG AAAACGTGGG CGAAGTGTAT ATTAAAAGCA CCGAAACCGG CCAGTATCTG 241 GCGATGGATG CGGATGGCCT GCTGTATGGC AGCCAGACCC CGAACGAAGA ATGCCTGTTT 301 CTGGAACGCC TGGAAGAAAA CCATTATAAC ACCTATATTA GCAAAAAACA TGCGGAAAAA 361 AACTGGTTTG TGGCGCTGAA AAAAAACGGC AGCTGCAAAC TGGGCCCGCG CACCCATTAT 421 GGCCAGAAAG CGATTCTGTT TCTGCCGCTG CCGGTGAGCA GCGAT Rock pigeon FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 90) (generated using SMS Reverse Translate tool on the ExPASy Bioinformatics Resource website (www.expasy.org): 1 ATGGCGGAAG GCGAAATTAC CACCTTTACC GCGCTGACCG AAAAATTTAA CCTGCCGCCG 61 GGCAACTATA AAAAACCGAA ACTGCTGTAT TGCAGCAACG GCGGCCATTT TCTGCGCATT 121 CTGCCGGATG GCAAAGTGGA TGGCACCCGC GATCGCAGCG ATCAGCATAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTGAGCGCGG AAAGCGTGGG CGAAGTGTAT ATTAAAAGCA CCCAGAGCGG CCAGTATCTG 241 GCGATGGATC CGACCGGCCT GCTGTATGGC AGCCAGCTGC TGGGCGAAGA ATGCCTGTTT 301 CTGGAACGCA TTGAAGAAAA CCATTATAAC ACCTATGTGA GCAAAAAACA TGCGGATAAA 361 AACTGGTTTG TGGGCCTGAA AAAAAACGGC AACAGCAAAC TGGGCCCGCG CACCCATTAT 421 GGCCAGAAAG CGATTCTGTT TCTGCCGCTG CCGGTGAGCG CGGAT Sheep FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 91) (GenBank accession no. XM_004008909, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 361 ATGGCTGAAG GAGAAACCAC AACCTTCAGG GCCCTGACTG AGAAGTTTAA CCTGCCTCTA 421 GGCAATTACA AGAAGCCCAA GCTCCTCTAT TGCAGCAACG GGGGCTACTT CCTGAGAATC 481 CTCCCAGATG GCAGAGTGGA TGGGACGAAG GACAGGAGCG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG 541 CTCTATGCGG AAAGCATAGG GGAGGTGTAT ATTAAGAGTA CGGAGACTGG CCAGTTCTTG 601 GCCATGGACA CCAACGGGCT TTTGTACGGC TCACAAACAC CCAGTGAGGA ATGTTTGTTC 661 CTGGAAAGGC TGGAGGAAAA CCATTATAAC ACCTACATAT CCAAGAAGCA TGCAGAGAAG 721 AATTGGTTCA TTGGTCTCAA GAAGAACGGA AGCTCCAAAC TCGGTCCTCG GACTCACTTC 781 GGCCAGAAAG CCATCTTGTT TCTCCCCCTG CCAGTTTCCT CTGATTAA Chicken FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 92) (GenBank accession no. NM_205180, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 52                                                         ATGGCCGAG 61 GGGGAGATAA CCACCTTCAC CGCCCTGACC GAGCGCTTCG GCCTGCCGCT GGGCAACTAC 121 AAGAAGCCCA AACTCCTGTA CTGCAGCAAC GGGGGCCACT TCCTACGGAT CCTGCCGGAC 181 GGCAAGGTGG ACGGGACGCG GGACCGGAGT GACCAGCACA TTCAGCTGCA GCTCAGCGCG 241 GAAGATGTGG GCGAGGTCTA TATAAAGAGC ACAGCGTCGG GGCAGTACCT GGCAATGGAC 301 ACCAACGGGC TCCTGTATGG CTCGCAGCTA CCAGGCGAGG AGTGCTTGTT CCTTGAGAGG 361 CTCGAGGAGA ACCATTACAA CACATACATC TCCAAAAAGC ACGCAGACAA GAACTGGTTC 421 GTCGGGCTGA AGAAAAACGG GAACAGCAAG CTGGGGCCGC GGACTCACTA TGGGCAAAAG 481 GCGATCCTCT TCCTCCCATT GCCGGTGTCG GCTGACTGA Alpaca FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155, excluding 1-57) (SEQ ID NO: 93) (Ensembl accession no. ENSVPAT00000008395, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 CAGCTGCAGC TCAGTGCGGA AAGCGTGGGG GAGGTGTATA TAAAGAGTAC CGAGACTGGC 61 CAGTACTTGG CCATGGACAC CGACGGGCTT TTGCACGGCT CACAGACACC AAATGAGGAA 121 TGTTTGTTCC TGGAAAGGCT GGAGGAGAAC CATTACAACA CCTACACGTC CAAGAAGCAC 181 GCCGAAAAGA ATTGGTTTGT TGGTCTCAAG AAGAATGGAA GCTGCAAACG CGGTCCTCGG 241 ACTCACTACG GCCAGAAGGC GATCTTGTTT CTCCCCTTGC CAGTCTCCTC TGATTAA Anole lizard FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 94) (Ensembl accession no. ENSACAT00000013467, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCTGAAG GTGAAATAAC AACATTCACA GCCTTGACCG AGAGGTTTGC TCTCCCAATG 61 GAGAATTACA AGAAGCCCAA ACTCCTGTAT TGCAGCAATG GAGGCCACTT CCTGAGGATC 121 CTTCCAGATG GAAAAGTGGA TGGCACCATG GACCGGAATG ACAGCTATAT TCAGTTGCTG 181 TTAACAGCAG AAGATGTGGG TGTGGTATAT ATAAAAGGCA CTGAGACCGG GCAGTACTTG 241 GCCATGGATG CCAATGGACA TTTATATGGC TCGCAGTTGC CAACAGAAGA GTGTTTATTT 301 GTGGAAACGC TGGAAGAAAA CCATTACAAT ACATATACCT CAAAGATGCA TGGCGATAAG 361 AAGTGGTATG TTGGCTTGAA AAAGAATGGG AAAGGCAAAC TGGGGCCACG GACTCATCGC 421 GGCCAAAAGG CAATACTTTT CCTTCCACTG CCAGTATCAC CTGATTAG Bushbaby FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 95) (Ensembl accession no. ENSOGAT00000005081, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCTGAAG GGGAAATCAC AACCTTCACA GCCCTCACAG AGAAGTTTAA TCTGCCTCTA 61 GGAAATTACA AGAAGCCCAA GCTCCTCTAC TGTAGCAACG GGGGTCACTT TCTGAGGATC 121 CTGCCGGATG GCACCGTGGA TGGGACACAA GACAGGAGCG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTCAGTGCGG AAAGCGTGGG GGAGGTGTAT ATAAAGAGTA CCCAGACTGG CCAGTACTTG 241 GCCATGGACT CCGACGGGCT TTTATACGGC TCACAAACAC CAAATGAGGA ATGCCTGTTC 301 CTGGAACGGC TGGAGGAAAA CCATTACAAC ACCTATGTGT CCAAGAAGCA CGCCGAGAAG 361 AATTGGTTTG TCGGTCTCAA GAAGAACGGA AGTTGCAAAC GTGGTCCTCG GACTCACTAC 421 GGCCAGAAAG CAATCTTGTT TCTCCCCCTG CCAGTCTCCT CTGATTAA Cat FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 96) (Ensembl accession no. ENSFCAT00000009123, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCTGAAG GGGAAATCAC AACCTTCACG GCCCTGACGG AGAAGTTCAA TCTGCCTCCA 61 GGGAATTACA AGAAACCCAA ACTCCTCTAC TGTAGCAACG GGGGCCACTT CCTGAGGATC 121 CTTCCAGATG GCACAGTGGA TGGGACGAGG GACAGGAGCG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTCAGTGCGG AAAGCGTGGG GGAGGTGTAT ATAAAGAGTA CCGAGACTGG CCAGTACTTG 241 GCCATGGACA CCGACGGGCT TTTGTACGGC TCACAGACAC CAAATGAGGA ATGCTTGTTC 301 CTGGAAAGGC TGGAAGAAAA CCATTACAAC ACCTACACAT CCAAGAAGCA CGCAGAAAAG 361 AATTGGTTTG TGGGTCTCAA GAAGAATGGA AGCTGCAAAC GCGGTCCCCG GACTCACTAT 421 GGCCAGAAGG CAATTTTGTT TCTCCCCCTG CCAGTCTCCT CTGATTAA Chinese softshell turtle FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 97) (Ensembl accession no. ENSPSIT00000016432, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 131            ATGGCTGAAG GGGAAATAAC AACGTTCACC GCCCTGACCG AAAAATTCAA 181 CCTTCCCCTG GGGAATTACA AGAATCCCAA ACTCTTATAT TGCAGCAATG GAGGCTACTT 241 CTTGAGGATA CATCCAGATG GCAAAGTAGA TGGGACAAGG GACCGAAGTG ACCAACACAT 301 TCAGCTGCAG CTAAGTGCGG AAAGCGTGGG TGAGGTATAT ATAAAGAGCA CTGAGTCTGG 361 ACAGTTTTTG GCTATGGACG CCAATGGACT TTTATATGGA TCACTGTCAC CGAGTGAGGA 291 ATGCTTATTC TTGGAAAGAA TGGAAGAAAA TCATTATAAC ACCTACATCT CCAAGAAGCA 351 TGCAGACAAG AACTGGTTCG TTGGCTTAAA GAAGAATGGA AGCTGCAAAC TGGGACCGCG 411 GACGCACTAC GGCCAAAAGG CCGTCCTTTT CCTTCCACTG CCAGTGTCAG CTGATTAA Coelacanth FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 98) (Ensembl accession no. ENSLACT00000015212, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCTGAAG ACAAAATAAC AACACTGAAG GCCTTGGCTG AAAAATTTAA CCTTCCTATG 61 GGAAATTACA AGAAAGCAAA ACTCCTCTAC TGCAGCAACG GAGGGTATTT CCTGCGAATA 121 CCCCCAGACG GGAAAGTGGA AGGAATTAGA GAACGAAGCG ACAAGTACAT TCAGCTGCAA 181 ATGAATGCAG AAAGTTTAGG CATGGTGTCT ATAAAGGGTG TGGAGGCAGG GCAATACCTA 241 GCTATGAATA CAAATGGACT CCTGTATGGA TCTCAGTCTC TAACTGAAGA ATGCCTTTTC 301 ATGGAAAAGA TGGAAGAAAA CCACTACAAC ACATACAGGT CTAAGACACA TGCAGATAAA 361 AACTGGTATG TTGGCATTAG AAAGAACGGT AGCATCAAAC CAGGACCAAG GACTCACATT 421 GGCCAAAAGG CTGTTCTTTT TCTCCCTCTG CCTGCCTCGA GTGATTAG Dolphin FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 99) (Ensembl accession no. ENSTTRT00000004742, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCTGAAG GGGAAATCAC AACCTTCACA GCCCTGACCG AGAAGTTTAA TCTGCCTCCA 61 GGGAATTACA AGAAGCCCAA ACTCCTCTAC TGTAGCAACG GGGGCCACTT CCTGAGGATC 121 CTTCCAGATG GCACAGTGGA TGGGACAAGG GACAGGAGTG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTCAGTGCGG AAAGCGTGGG GGAGGTGTAT ATAAAGAGTA CGGAGACTGG CCAGTACTTG 241 GCCATGGACA CCGACGGGCT TTTGTACGGC TCACAGACAC CCAATGAGGA ATGTTTGTTC 301 CTGGAAAGGT TGGAGGAAAA CCATTACAAC ACCTACGCAT CCAAGAAGCA TGCAGAAAAG 361 AATTGGTTCG TTGGTCTCAA GAAGAACGGA AGCTGCAAAC GCGGTCCTCG GACTCACTAC 421 GGCCAGAAAG CAATCTTGTT TCTCCCCCTG CCAGTCTCCT CCGATTAA Ferret FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 100) (Ensembl accession no. ENSMPUT00000008013, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1                                      ATGGCT GAAGGGGAAA TCACAACCTT 61 CACAGCCCTG ATGGAGAAGT TTAATCTGCC TGCGGGGAAT TACAAGAAGC CCAAACTCCT 121 CTACTGTAGC AATGGGGGCC ACTTCCTGAG GATCCTTCCA GATGGCACAG TGGACGGCAC 181 AAGGGACAGG AGCGACCAGC ACATTCAGCT GCAGCTCAGT GCGGAAAGCG TGGGGGAGGT 241 GTACATAAAG AGTACCGAGA CTGGCCAGTA CTTGGCCATG GACACCGATG GGCTTTTGTA 301 CGGCTCACAA ACACCAAATG AGGAATGTCT GTTCCTGGAA AGGCTGGAGG AAAACCATTA 361 CAACACCTAC ACATCCAAGA AGCACGCTGA GAAGAATTGG TTTGTAGGTC TCAAGAAGAA 421 CGGAAGCTGC AAACGCGGTC CTCGGACTCA CTATGGCCAG AAAGCAATTC TGTTTCTCCC 481 CCTGCCAGTC TCCTCTGATT AA Gibbon FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 101) (Ensembl accession no. ENSNLET00000012455, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 241                                                   ATGG CCGAAGGGGA 301 AATCACCACC TTCACAGCCC TGACCGAGAA GTTTAATCTG CCTCCAGGGA ATTACAAGAA 361 GCCCAAACTC CTCTACTGTA GCAACGGGGG CCACTTCTTG AGGATCCTTC CGGATGGCAC 421 AGTGGATGGG ACAAGGGACA GGAGCGACCA GCACATTCAG CTGCAGCTCA GTGCGGAAAG 481 CGTGGGGGAG GTGTATATAA AGAGTACCGA GACTGGCCAG TACTTGGCCA TGGACACCGA 541 CGGGCTTTTA TACGGCTCAC AGACACCAAA TGAGGAATGT TTGTTCCTGG AAAGGCTGGA 601 GGAGAACCAT TACAACACCT ATATATCCAA GAAGCATGCA GAGAAGAATT GGTTTGTTGG 661 CCTCAAGAAG AATGGAAGCT GCAAACGCGG TCCTCGGACT CACTATGGCC AGAAAGCAAT 721 CTTGTTTCTC CCCCTGCCAG TCTCTTCTGA TTAA Gorilla FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 102) (Ensembl accession no. ENSGGOT00000025344, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 121                                                   ATGG CTGAAGGGGA 181 AATCACCACC TTCACAGCCC TGACCGAGAA GTTTAATCTG CCTCCAGGGA ATTACAAGAA 241 GCCCAAACTC CTCTACTGTA GCAATGGGGG CCACTTCTTG AGGATCCTTC CGGATGGCAC 301 AGTGGATGGG ACAAGGGACA GGAGCGACCA GCACATTCAG CTGCAGCTCA GTGCGGAAAG 361 CGTGGGGGAG GTGTATATAA AGAGTACCGA GACTGGCCAG TACTTGGCCA TGGACACCGA 421 CGGGCTTTTA TACGGCTCAC AGACACCAAA TGAGGAATGT TTGTTCCTGG AAAGGCTGGA 481 GGAGAACCAT TACAACACCT ATATATCCAA GAAGCATGCA GAGAAGAATT GGTTTGTTGG 541 CCTCAAGAAG AATGGAAGCT GCAAACGCGG TCCTCGGACT CACTATGGCC AGAAAGCAAT 601 CTTGTTTCTC CCCCTGCCAG TCTCTTCCGA TTAA Hedgehog FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 103) (Ensembl accession no. ENSEEUT00000005832, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCTGAAG GAGAAATCAC CACCTTCACG GCCCTGACTG AGAAGTTTAA TCTGCCACTA 61 GGGAATTACA AGAAGCCCAA GCTCCTCTAC TGTAGCAACG GGGGCCACTT CCTGAGGATC 121 CTTCCAGATG GCACCGTGGA TGGGACAAGG GACAGGAGCG ACCAGCATAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTCAGTGCGG AAAGCGTGGG GGAGGTGTAT ATAAAGAGTA CGGAGACTGG CCAGTACTTG 241 GCCATGGACA CCGACGGGCT TTTATACGGC TCACAAACAC CAAATGAGGA ATGTCTGTTC 301 CTTGAAAGGC TGGAAGAGAA CCATTACAAT ACCTACACAT CCAAGAAGCA TGCCGAGAAG 361 AACTGGTTTG TTGGCCTCAA GAAGAATGGA AGCTGCAAGC GTGGTCCTCG GACTCATTAT 421 GGCCAGAAAG CTATTTTGTT TCTCCCCCTG CCAGTTTCCT CTGATTAA Hyrax FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155, excluding 1-90) (SEQ ID NO: 104) (Ensembl accession no. ENSPCAT00000011746, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCTGAAG GCGAAATCAC AACCTTCACA GCCCTGACTG AGAAGTTTAA CCTGCCACTA 61 GAGAATTACA AGAAGCCCAA ACTCCTCTAC TGTAGCAACG GAGGCCACTT CCTGAGGATC 121 CTTCCGGACG GCACAGTGGA TGGCACCAGG GACAGGAGTG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTCAGTGCGG AAAGCGTGGG GGAGGTGTAT ATAAAGGGCA CCGAGACTGG CCAGTACTTG 241 GCCATGGACA CCGACGGGCT TTTATATGGC TCA Kangaroo rat FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155, excluding 1-16 and 58-155) (SEQ ID NO: 105) (Ensembl accession no. ENSDORT00000007345, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCTGAAG GGGAAATCAC AACCTTCACA GCCCTGACGG AAAGGTTTAA ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 51 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------T TCAGCTGCAA 62 CTGAGTGCGG AAAGCGTGGG GGAGGTCTAT ATAAAGAGCA CCGAGACTGG CCAATACTTG 122 GCCATGGATG CCGACGGGCT TTTATACGGC TCACAGACAC CTGATGAAGA ATGCTTGTTC 182 CTGGAGAGGC TGGAAGAAAA TCATTATAAC ACCTACATAG CCAAGAAACA TGCTGAAAAG 242 AATTGGTTTG TCGGCCTCAA AAAGAATGGA AGCTGCAAGC GTGGTCCTCG GACTCACTAT 302 GGCCAGAAAG CAATCCTGTT CCTCCCCTTG CCTGTCTCCT CTGATTAG Lamprey FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155, excluding 94-155) (SEQ ID NO: 106) (Ensembl accession no. ENSPMAT00000010729, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGAGGTGG GCCACATCGG CACGCTGCCC GTGGTCCCCG CGGGGCCCGT GTTCCCCGGC 61 AGTTTCAAGG AGCCACGGCG CCTCTACTGC CGCAGCGCGG GCCACCACCT CCAGATCCTG 121 GGGGACGGCA CCGTGAGTGG CACCCAGGAC GAGAACGAGC CCCACGCCGT TCTGCAGCTG 181 CAGGCGGTGC GCCGCGGGGT GGTGACGATC CGTGGGCTCT GCGCCGAGAG GTTCCTCGCC 241 ATGAGCACGG AGGGACACCT GTACGGGGCG GTGAGG Lesser hedgehog tenrec FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155, excluding 1-57) (SEQ ID NO: 107) (Ensembl accession no. ENSETET00000017851, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 CAGCTGAAGC TCGTTGCCGA AAGCGTGGGG GTGGTGTATA TAAAGAGCAT CAAGACCGGC 61 CAGTACTTGG CCATGAACCC CGACGGGCTT TTATACGGCT CCGAGACCCC AGAGGAAGAA 121 TGCTTGTTCC TGGAAACGCT GGAGGAAAAC CACTACACCA CCTTCAAATC TAAGAAGCAC 181 GTAGAGAAGA ATTGGTTCGT TGGTCTCCGG AAGAATGGAA GGGTCAAGAT CGGGCCTCGG 241 ACTCACCAAG GCCAGAAAGC AATCTTGTTC CTGCCCCTCC CGGTGTCCTC TGATTAA Rhesus monkey FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 108) (Ensembl accession no. ENSMMUT00000033070, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 36                                       ATGGC TGAAGGGGAA ATCACCACGT 61 TCACAGCCCT GACCGAGAAG TTTAATCTGC CTCCAGGGAA TTACAAGAAG CCCAAACTGC 121 TCTACTGTAG CAATGGGGGC CACTTCTTGA GGATCCTTCC GGATGGCACA GTGGATGGGA 181 CAAGGGACAG GAGCGACCAG CACATTCAGC TGCAGCTCAG TGCGGAAAGC GTGGGGGAGG 241 TGTATATAAA GAGTACCGAG ACTGGCCAGT ACTTGGCCAT GGACACCGAC GGGCTTTTAT 301 ACGGCTCACA GACACCAAAT GAGGAATGTT TGTTCCTGGA AAGGCTGGAG GAGAACCATT 361 ACAACACCTA TACATCCAAG AAGCACGCAG AGAAGAATTG GTTTGTTGGC CTCAAGAAGA 421 ATGGAAGCTG CAAACGTGGT CCTCGGACTC ACTATGGCCA GAAAGCAATC TTGTTTCTTC 481 CCCTGCCAGT CTCTTCTGAT TAA Megabat FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 109) (Ensembl accession no. ENSPVAT00000004596, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCCGAGG GGGAAGTCAC GACGTTCACG GCCCTGACCG AGAGGTTTAA CCTGCCTCCA 61 GGGAATTACA AGAAGCCCAA ACTTCTCTAC TGCAGCAACG GGGGCCACTT CCTGAGGATC 121 CTCCCAGATG GCACAGTGGA TGGGACAAGG GACAAGAGCG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTCAGTGCGG AAAGTGTGGG GGAGGTGTAT ATAAAGAGCA CCGAGAGTGG CCAGTACTTG 241 GCCATGGACT CCGACGGGCT TTTGTACGGC TCACAGACAC CAGATGAGGA CTGTTTGTTC 301 CTGGAAAGGC TGGAGGAAAA CCATTACAAC ACCTACACAT CCAAGAAGCA CGCAGAGAAG 361 AATTGGTTTG TTGGGCTCAA GAAGAATGGA AGCTGCAAGC GCGGTCCCCG GACTCACTAC 421 GGCCAGAAAG CGATCCTGTT TCTCCCCCTG CCAGTCTCCT CTGATTAG Microbat FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 110) (Ensembl accession no. ENSMLUT00000007098, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 66      ATGGC TGAGGGGGAA GTCACCACAT TCACGGCCCT GACCGAGAGG TTCAATCTGC 121 CTCTGGAGAA CTACAAGAAG CCCAAGCTTC TCTACTGCAG CAACGGGGGC CACTTCCTGC 181 GGATCCTCCC AGACGGCACC GTGGACGGGA CGAGGGACAG GAGCGACCAG CACATTCAGC 241 TGCAGCTCAG TGCGGAAAGC GTGGGGGAGG TGTATATAAA GAGCACCGAG AGTGGCCAGT 301 ACTTGGCCAT GGACTCCGAC GGGCTTTTGT ACGGCTCACA AACACCCAAT GAGGAATGTT 361 TGTTCCTGGA AAGGCTGGAG GAGAACCACT ACAACACCTA CACGTCCAAG AAGCACGCAG 421 AAAAGAATTG GTTCGTTGGG CTCAAGAAGA ACGGAAGCTG CAAGCGTGGT CCTCGGACGC 481 ATTATGGCCA GAAAGCAATC TTGTTTCTCC CCCTGCCAGT CTCCTCCGAT TAA Mouse lemur FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 111) (Ensembl accession no. ENSMICT00000009454, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCCGAAG GGGAGATCAC AACCTTCACG GCCCTCACCG AGAAGTTTAA CCTGCCTCCG 61 GGGAACTACA AGAAGCCCAA GCTCCTCTAC TGCAGCAACG GCGGCCACTT CCTGCGCATC 121 CTTCCCGACG GCACCGTGGA TGGCACGAGA GACAGGAGCG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTCAGTGCGG AAAGCGCGGG GGAGGTGTAT ATAAAGAGCA CCCAGACTGG CCGGTACTTG 241 GCCATGGACG CCGACGGGCT TTTATACGGC TCACAAACAC CAAATGAGGA ATGTTTGTTC 301 CTGGAAAGGC TGGAGGAAAA CCATTACAAC ACCTACGTAT CCAAGAAGCA CGCAGAGAAG 361 AATTGGTTTG TTGGCCTCAA GAAGAATGGA AGTTGCAAAC GCGGCCCCCG GACTCACTAT 421 GGCCAGAAAG CAATCTTGTT TCTGCCCCTG CCAGTCTCCT CTGATTAA Pika FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155, excluding 57-67) (SEQ ID NO: 112) (Ensembl accession no. ENSOPRT00000012854, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCCGAGG GAGAAGTCAC CACCTTCTCA GCCCTGACGG AGAAGTTCAA TCTGCCTGGA 61 GGAAACTACA AGTTGCCCAA GCTCCTTTAC TGTAGCAACG GAGGCCACTT CCTGAGGATC 121 CTTCCAGATG GCACAGTGGA TGGGACCAGG GACAGGAGCG ACCTGCACA- ---------- 170 ---------- ---------- -GAGGTGTTT ATAAAGAGTA CGGAGACTGG CCAGTACTTG 209 GCTATGGACA CCGATGGCCT TTTATATGGC TCGCAGACAC CCAGTGAGGA GTGTTTGTTC 269 CTGGAGCGGC TGGAGGAGAA CCACTACAAC ACCTACACAT CCAAGAAGCA TGCCGAGAAG 329 AACTGGTTTG TGGGCATCAA GAAGAATGGA AGCTGCAAGC GTGGTCCTCG GACTCACTAC 389 GGCCAGAAAG CCATCTTGTT TCTCCCTCTG CCAGTCTCTT CTGACTAA Rat FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 113) (Ensembl accession no. ENSRNOT00000018577, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 268                              ATG GCCGAAGGGG AGATCACAAC CTTTGCAGCC 301 CTGACCGAGA GGTTCAATCT GCCTCTAGGG AACTACAAAA AACCCAAACT GCTCTACTGC 361 AGCAACGGGG GCCACTTCTT GAGGATTCTT CCCGATGGCA CCGTGGATGG GACCAGGGAC 421 AGGAGCGACC AGCACATTCA GCTGCAGCTC AGTGCGGAAA GCGCGGGCGA AGTGTATATA 481 AAGGGTACAG AGACTGGCCA GTACTTGGCC ATGGACACCG AAGGGCTTTT ATACGGCTCG 541 CAGACACCAA ATGAAGAATG CCTATTCCTG GAAAGGCTAG AAGAAAACCA TTATAACACT 601 TACACATCCA AGAAGCACGC GGAGAAGAAC TGGTTTGTGG GCCTCAAGAA GAACGGGAGT 661 TGTAAGCGCG GTCCTCGGAC TCACTACGGC CAGAAAGCCA TCTTGTTTCT CCCCCTCCCG 721 GTATCTTCTG ACTAA Sloth FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 114) (Ensembl accession no. ENSCHOT00000012416, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCTGAAG GGGAAATCAC AACCTTCACA GCTCTGATGG AGAAGTTTAA CCTGCCACCA 61 GGGAATTACA TGAAGCCCAA ACTCCTCTAC TGTAGCAACG GGGGCCACTT CTTGAGGATC 121 CTTCCAGACG GCACAGTGGA TGGGACAAGG GACAGGAGCG ACCTGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTCAGTGCGG AAAGCGTGGG GGAGGTGTAT ATAAAGAGTG CGGAGACCGG CCAGTACTTA 241 GCCATGGACA CCGGCGGGCT TTTATACGGC TCACAGACAC CAAGTGAGGA ATGCCTGTTC 301 CTAGAAAGGC TGGAGGAAAA CCATTACAAC ACCTACGTAT CCAAGAAGCA TGCGGAGAAG 361 AACTGGTTCG TTGGCCTAAA GAAGAATGGA AGCAGCAAAC GCGGCCCCCG GACTCACTAT 421 GGCCAGAAAG CCATCTTGTT TCTTCCCCTG CCAGTCTCCT CTGATTAA Squirrel FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 115) (Ensembl accession no. ENSSTOT00000029249, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1                                                              ATGG 5 CTGAAGGGGA AATCACAACC TTCACAGCCC TGACCGAGAA GTTCAATCTG CCTCCAGGGA 65 ACTACAAGAA GCCCAAACTG CTCTACTGTA GCAACGGAGG CCACTTCTTG AGGATCCTTC 125 CTGATGGCAC AGTGGATGGG ACAAGAGACA GGAGCGACCA ACACATTCAG CTGCAGCTCA 185 GTGCGGAAAG CGTGGGGGAG GTGTATATAA AGAGTACCGA GACCGGCCAG TACTTGGCCA 245 TGGACACCGA CGGGCTTTTA TATGGCTCAC AGACCCCAAA TGAGGAATGC TTATTCCTGG 305 AAAGGCTGGA GGAAAACCAT TACAACACGT ACACATCCAA GAAGCATGCA GAGAAGAATT 365 GGTTTGTTGG CCTCAAGAAG AACGGAAGCT GCAAGCGCGG TCCCCGGACT CACTATGGCC 425 AGAAAGCGAT CTTGTTTCTC CCACTGCCTG TCTCCTCTGA TTAG VTarsier FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 116) (Ensembl accession no. ENSTSYT00000007425, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCCGAAG GGGAAATCAC AACCTTCACA GCCCTGACCG AGAAGTTCAA CCTGCCCCCG 61 GGGAATTACA AGAAGCCCAA ACTCCTCTAC TGCAGCAACG GGGGCCACTT CTTGAGGATC 121 CTTCCGGATG GCACTGTGGA TGGAACGAGG GACAGGAGCG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTCAGCGCGG AAAGCGTGGG GGAGGTGTAT ATAAAGAGTA CCGAGACCGG CCAGTACTTG 241 GCCATGGACA CCGACGGGCT TTTGTACGGC TCACAGACAC CAAATGAGGA GTGTCTGTTC 301 CTGGAAAGGC TGGAAGAGAA TCATTACAAT ACCTACGTGT CCAAGAAGCA TGCGGAGAAG 361 AATTGGTTTG TCGGCCTCAA GAAGAATGGA AGCTGCAAAC GCGGTCCTCG GACTCACTAT 421 GGCCAGAAAG CAATCTTGTT TCTCCCCCTG CCAGTTTCCT CTGATTAA Tree shrew FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 117) (Ensembl accession no. ENSTBET00000011861, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCTGAAG GGGAAATCAC GACCTTCGCA GCCCTGACCG AGAAGTTTGA TCTGCCTCCA 61 GGGAATTACA AGAAGCCCAA ACTTCTCTAC TGTAGCAACG GGGGCCATTT CTTGAGGATT 121 CTTCCAGATG GCACCGTGGA TGGGACAAGA GACAGGAGCG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG 181 CTCACTGCGG AAAACGTGGG GGAGGTGTAC ATAAAGAGTA CGGAGACTGG CCAGTACTTG 241 GCCATGGACG CCGACGGGCT TTTATATGGC TCACAGACAC CAAACGAGGA ATGTTTGTTC 301 CTGGAAAGGC TGGAGGAGAA CCATTACAAC ACCTACATAT CCAAGAAGCA CGCAGAGAAG 361 AATTGGTTTG TTGCCCTCAA GAAGAACGGA AGCTGCAAAC TCGGTCCTCG GACTCACTAT 421 GGCCAGAAAG CAATCTTGTT TCTCCCCCTG CCAGTCTCCT CTGATTAA Turkey FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155, excluding 57-155) (SEQ ID NO: 118) (Ensembl accession no. ENSMGAT00000017372, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCCGAGG GGGAGATAAC CACCTTCACA GCCCTGACCG AGCGCTTCGG CCTGCCGCTG 61 GGCAACTACA AGAAGCCCAA ACTCCTGTAC TGCAGCAACG GGGGCCACTT CCTACGGATC 121 CTGCCGGACG GCAAGGTGGA CGGGACGCGG GACCGGAGCG ACCAGCAC Wallaby FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 119) (Ensembl accession no. ENSMEUT00000016544, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCCGAAG GGGAGATCAC AACCTTCACA GCCCTGACCG AAAGATTTAA CCTGCCACTG 61 GGGAATTACA AGAAGCCCAA GCTTCTCTAC TGTAGCAATG GGGGCCACTT TTTGAGGATC 121 CTTCCTGATG GCAAAGTGGA TGGGACAAGG GACAGAAATG ATCAACACAT TCAACTGCAA 181 CTAAGCGCGG AAAGCGTGGG TGAGGTGTAT ATAAAGAGCA CTGAGTCTGG GCAGTATTTG 241 GCCATGGACA CCAATGGACT TTTATATGGC TCACAGACCC CCAGCGAAGA ATGCTTATTC 301 CTGGAGAGGT TGGAGGAGAA TCATTACAAC ACCTACATAT CAAAGAAGCA TGCGGAGAAA 361 AATTGGTTTG TTGGCCTCAA GAAGAACGGA AGTTGCAAAA GAGGTCCCAG GACTCACTAT 421 GGCCAGAAAG CCATCCTATT CCTTCCCCTC CCTGTGTCCT CTGAGTAA Zebrafish FGF1 gene coding sequence (1-147) (SEQ ID NO: 120) (Ensembl accession no. ENSDART00000005842, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 178                                                               ATG 181 ACCGAGGCCG ATATTGCGGT AAAGTCCAGC CCGCGCGACT ATAAAAAACT GACGCGGCTG 241 TACTGTATGA ATGGAGGATT TCACCTTCAG ATCCTGGCGG ACGGGACAGT GGCTGGAGCA 124 GCAGACGAAA ACACATACAG CATACTGCGC ATAAAAGCAA CAAGTCCAGG AGTGGTGGTG 184 ATCGAAGGAT CAGAAACAGG TCTTTACCTC TCGATGAATG AACATGGCAA GCTGTACGCT 244 TCATCATTAG TGACGGATGA AAGTTATTTC CTGGAGAAGA TGGAGGAAAA CCACTACAAC 304 ACATATCAGT CTCAAAAGCA CGGTGAAAAC TGGTACGTCG GAATAAAAAA GAACGGGAAA 364 ATGAAACGGG GCCCAAGAAC TCACATCGGA CAAAAGGCCA TTTTCTTTCT TCCACGACAG 424 GTGGAGCAGG AAGAGGACTG A

As noted above, also encompassed within the present invention are portions of paracrine FGFs other than FGF1 (e.g., FGF2, FGF4, FGF5, FGF6, FGF9, FGF16, and FGF20). The portions derived from paracrine FGF2 include portions corresponding to the above-identified amino acid sequences of FGF1. Corresponding portions may be determined by, for example, sequence analysis and structural analysis.

In one embodiment, the paracrine FGF is FGF2. In one embodiment, the portion of the FGF2 is derived from human FGF2 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 121 (GenBank Accession No. EAX05222, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), as follows:

1 MAAGSITTLP ALPEDGGSGA FPPGHFKDPK RLYCKNGGFF LRIHPDGRVD GVREKSDPHI 61 KLQLQAEERG VVSIKGVCAN RYLAMKEDGR LLASKCVTDE CFFFERLESN NYNTYRSRKY 121 TSWYVALKRT GQYKLGSKTG PGQKAILFLP MSAKS

In one embodiment, the portion of the paracrine FGF includes an amino acid sequence beginning at any one of residues 1 to 25 and ending at any one of residues 151 to 155 of SEQ ID NO: 121. In one embodiment, the portion of the paracrine FGF includes amino acid residues 1-151, 1-152, 1-153, 1-154, 1-155, 2-151, 2-152, 2-153, 2-154, 2-155, 3-151, 3-152, 3-153, 3-154, 3-155, 4-151, 4-152, 4-153, 4-154, 4-155, 5-151, 5-152, 5-153, 5-154, 5-155, 6-151, 6-152, 6-153, 6-154, 6-155, 7-151, 7-152, 7-153, 7-154, 7-155, 8-151, 8-152, 8-153, 8-154, 8-155, 9-151, 9-152, 9-153, 9-154, 9-155, 10-151, 10-152, 10-153, 10-154, 10-155, 11-151, 11-152, 11-153, 11-154, 11-155, 12-151, 12-152, 12-153, 12-154, 12-155, 13-151, 13-152, 13-153, 13-154, 13-155, 14-151, 14-152, 14-153, 14-154, 14-155, 15-151, 15-152, 15-153, 15-154, 15-155, 16-151, 16-152, 16-153, 16-154, 16-155, 17-151, 17-152, 17-153, 17-154, 17-155, 18-151, 18-152, 18-153, 18-154, 18-155, 19-151, 19-152, 19-153, 19-154, 19-155, 20-151, 20-152, 20-153, 20-154, 21-155, 21-151, 21-152, 21-153, 21-154, 21-155, 22-151, 22-152, 22-153, 22-154, 22-155, 23-151, 23-152, 23-153, 23-154, 23-155, 24-151, 24-152, 24-153, 24-154, 24-155, 25-151, 25-152, 25-153, 25-154, or 25-155 of FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 121). In one embodiment, the portion of the paracrine FGF includes amino acid residues 1-151 or 1-152 of SEQ ID NO: 121.

In one embodiment, the portion of the paracrine FGF of the chimeric protein includes an amino acid sequence that has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97% or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity to the corresponding amino acid sequence of native paracrine FGF (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 121). In one embodiment, the portion of the paracrine FGF includes an amino acid sequence that has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97% or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity to an amino acid sequence beginning at any one of residues 1 to 25 and ending at any one of residues 151 to 155 of SEQ ID NO: 121. In one embodiment, the portion of the paracrine FGF includes an amino acid sequence that has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97% or at least 99% amino acid sequence homology to the corresponding amino acid sequence of native paracrine FGF (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 121). In one embodiment, the portion of the paracrine FGF includes an amino acid sequence that has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97% or at least 99% amino acid sequence homology to an amino acid sequence beginning at any one of residues 1 to 25 and ending at any one of residues 151 to 155 of SEQ ID NO: 121.

Also encompassed within the present invention are portions of paracrine FGFs other than FGF2 (e.g., FGF1, FGF4, FGF5, FGF6, FGF9, FGF16, and FGF20). The portions derived from paracrine FGFs other than FGF2 include portions corresponding to the above-identified amino acid sequences of FGF2. Corresponding portions may be determined by, for example, sequence analysis and structural analysis.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the portion of the paracrine FGF is derived from an ortholog of a human paracrine FGF. In one embodiment of the present invention, the portion of the paracrine FGF of the chimeric protein is derived from an ortholog of human FGF2. In one embodiment, the portion of the FGF2 is derived from Gorilla gorilla, Pongo abelii, Macaca mulatta, Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis, Nomascus leucogenys, Equus caballus, Bos taurus, Papio Anubis, Vicugna pacos, Ovis aries, Capreolus capreolus, Loxodonta Africana, Sus scrofa, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, Choloepus hoffmanni, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Rattus norvegicus, Heterocephalus glaber, Otolemur garnettii, Mus musculus, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus, Felis catus, Cavia porcellus, Sarcophilus harrisii, Monodelphis domestica, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Meleagris gallopavo, Gallus gallus, Taeniopygia guttata, Cynops pyrrhogaster, Xenopus laevis, Didelphis albiventris, Myotis lucifugus, Anolis carolinensis, Dasypus novemcinctus, Tupaia belangeri, Xenopus silurana tropicalis, Latimeria chalumnae, Tetraodon nigroviridis, Gasterosteus aculeatus, Takifugu rubripes, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo salar, Danio rerio, Oreochromis niloticus, or Oryzias latipes. The portions of an ortholog of human paracrine FGF include portions corresponding to the above-identified amino acid sequences of FGF2. Corresponding portions may be determined by, for example, sequence analysis and structural analysis.

In one embodiment, the portion of the FGF2 of the chimeric protein of the present invention is derived from an ortholog of human FGF2 having the amino acid sequence shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Amino acid sequence of Gorilla gorilla (gorilla) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 122) (Ensembl accession no. ENSGGOP00000004720, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 104                                                 MAAGSI TTLPALPEDG 120 GSGAFPPGHF KDPKRLYCKN GGFFLRIHPD GRVDGVREKS DPHIKLQLQA EERGVVSIKG 180 VCANRYLAMK EDGRLLASKC VTDECFFFER LESNNYNTYR SRKYTSWYVA LKRTGQYKLG 240 SKTGPGQKAI LFLPMSAKS Amino acid sequence of Pongo abelii (sumatran orangutan) FGF2(SEQ ID NO: 123) (GenBank accession no. XP_002815172, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 168                                                    MAA GSITTLPALP 181 EDGGSGAFPP GHFKDPKRLY CKNGGFFLRI HPDGRVDGVR EKSDPHIKLQ LQAEERGVVS 241 IKGVCANRYL AMKEDGRLLA SKCVTDECFF FERLESNNYN TYRSRKYTSW YVALKRTGQY 301 KLGSKTGPGQ KAILFLPMSA KS Amino acid sequence of Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 124) (GenBank accession no. XP_001099284, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 83                         MAAGSITT LPALPEDGGS GAFPPGHFKD PKRLYCKNGG 121 FFLRIHPDGR VDGVREKSDP HIKLQLQAEE RGVVSIKGVC ANRYLAMKED GRLLASKCVT 181 DECFFFERLE SNNYNTYRSR KYTSWYVALK RTGQYKLGSK TGPGQKAILF LPMSAKS Amino acid sequence of Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 125) (GenBank accession no. NP_001103711, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 134               MAAGSIT TLPALPEDGG SGAFPPGHFK DPKRLYCKNG GFFLRIHPDG 181 RVDGVREKSD PHIKLQLQAE ERGVVSIKGV CANRYLAMKE DGRLLASKCV TDECFFFERL 241 ESNNYNTYRS RKYTSWYVAL KRTGQYKLGS KTGPGQKAIL FLPMSAKS Amino acid sequence of Pan paniscus (Pygmy chimpanzee) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 126) (GenBank accession no. XP_003816481, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 112                                                         MAAGSITTL 121 PALPEDGGSG AFPPGHFKDP KRLYCKNGGF FLRIHPDGRV DGVREKSDPH IKLQLQAEER 181 GVVSIKGVCA NRYLAMKEDG RLLASKCVTD ECFFFERLES NNYNTYRSRK YTSWYVALKR 241 TGQYKLGSKT GPGQKAILFL PMSAKS Amino acid sequence of Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis (Bolivian squirrel monkey) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 127) (GenBank accession no. XP_003936290, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAAGSITTLP ALPEDGGSGA FPPGHFKDPK RLYCKNGGFF LRIHPDGRVD GVREKSDPHI 61 KLQLQAEERG VVSIKGVCAN RYLAMKEDGR LLASKCVTDE CFFFERLESN NYNTYRSRKY 121 TSWYVALKRT GQYKLGSKTG PGQKAILFLP MSAKS Amino acid sequence of Nomascus leucogenys (Northern white-cheeked gibbon) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 128) (GenBank accession no. XP_003271404, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAAGSITTLP ALPEDGGSGA FPPGHFKDPK RLYCKNGGFF LRIHPDGRVD GVREKSDPHI 61 KLQLQAEERG VVSIKGVCAN RYLAMKEDGR LLASKCVTDE CFFFERLESN NYNTYRSRKY 121 TSWYVALKRT GQYKLGSKTG PGQKAILFLP MSAKS Amino acid sequence of Equus caballus (horse) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 129) (GenBank accession no. NP_001182150, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAAGSITTLP ALPEDGGSGA FPPGHFKDPK RLYCKNGGFF LRIHPDGRVD GVREKSDPHI 61 KLQLQAEERG VVSIKGVCAN RYLAMKEDGR LLASKCVTDE CFFFERLESN NYNTYRSRKY 121 SSWYVALKRT GQYKLGPKTG PGQKAILFLP MSAKS Amino acid sequence of Bos taurus (cattle) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 130) (GenBank accession no. NP_776481, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAAGSITTLP ALPEDGGSGA FPPGHFKDPK RLYCKNGGFF LRIHPDGRVD GVREKSDPHI 61 KLQLQAEERG VVSIKGVCAN RYLAMKEDGR LLASKCVTDE CFFFERLESN NYNTYRSRKY 121 SSWYVALKRT GQYKLGPKTG PGQKAILFLP MASKS Amino acid sequence of Papio anubis (Olive baboon) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 131) (GenBank accession no. XP_003899210, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAAGSITTLP ALPEDGGSGA FPPGHFKDPK RLYCKNGGFF LRIHPDGRVD GVREKSDPHI 61 KLQLQAEERG VVSIKGVCAN RYLAMKEDGR LLASKCVTDE CFFFERLESN NYNTYRSRKY 121 TSWYVALKRT GQYKLGSKTG PGQKAILFLP MSAKS Amino acid sequence of Vicugna pacos (alpaca) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 132) (Ensembl accession no. ENSVPAP00000009804, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 111                                                        MAAGSITTLP 121 ALPEDGGSGA FPPGHFKDPK RLYCKNGGFF LRIHPDGRVD GVREKSDPHI KLQLQAEERG 181 VVSIKGVCAN RYLAMKEDGR LLASKCVTDE CFFFERLESN NYNTYRSRKY SSWYVALKRT 241 GQYKLGPKTG PGQKAILFLP MSAKS Amino acid sequence of Ovis aries (sheep) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 133) (GenBank accession no. NP_001009769, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAAGSITTLP ALPEDGGSSA FPPGHFKDPK RLYCKNGGFF LRIHPDGRVD GVREKSDPHI 61 KLQLQAEERG VVSIKGVCAN RYLAMKEDGR LLASKCVTDE CFFFERLESN NYNTYRSRKY 121 SSWYVALKRT GQYKLGPKTG PGQKAILFLP MSAKS Amino acid sequence of Capreolus capreolus (Western roe deer) FGF2 (partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 42 to 149) (SEQ ID NO: 134) (GenBank accession no. AAF73226, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 RIHPDGRVDG VREKSDPHIK LQLQAEERGV VSIKGVCANR YLAMKEDGRL LASKCVTDEC 61 FFFERLESNN YNTYRSRKYS SWYVALKRTG QYKLGPKTGP GQKAILFL Amino acid sequence of Loxodonta africana (elephant) FGF2 (partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 60 to 155) (SEQ ID NO: 135) (Ensembl accession no. ENSLAFP00000008249, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 VKLQLQAEER GVVSIKGVCA NRYLAMKEDG RLLASRCVTD ECFFFERLES NNYNTYRSRK 61 YTSWYVALKR TGQYKLGSKT GPGQKAILFL PMSAKS Amino acid sequence of Sus scrofa (pig) FGF2 (partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 36 to 155) (SEQ ID NO: 136) (GenBank accession no. CAE11791 and Ensembl accession no. ENSSSCP00000009695, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 NGGFFLRIHP DGRVDGVREK SDPHIKLQLQ AEERGVVSIK GVCANRYLAM KEDGRLLASK 61 CVTDECFFFE RLESNNYNTY RSRKYSSWYV ALKRTGQYKL GPKTGPGQKA ILFLPMSAKS Amino acid sequence of Ailuropoda melanoleuca (panda) FGF2 (partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 60 to 155)(SEQ ID NO: 137) (Ensembl accession no. ENSAMEP00000018489, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 VKLQLQAEER GVVSIKGVCA NRYLAMKEDG RLLASKCVTD ECFFFERLES NNYNTYRSRK 61 YSSWYVALKR TGQYKLGPKT GPGQKAILFL PMSAKS Amino acid sequence of Choloepus hoffmanni (sloth) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 138) (Ensembl accession no. ENSCHOP00000010051, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 14                                                           MAAGSIT 21 TLPALPEDGG SGALPPGHFK DPKRLYCKNG GFFLRIHPDG RVDGVREKSD PHIKLQLQAE 81 ERGVVSIKGV CANRYLAMKE DGRLQASKCV TDECFFFERL ESNNYNTYRS RKYSSWYVAL 141 KRTGQYKLGP KTGPGQKAIL FLPMSAKS Amino acid sequence of Bubalus bubalis (water buffalo) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 139) (GenBank accession no. AFH66795, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAAGSITTLP PLPEDGGSGA FPPGHFKDPK RLYCKNGGFF LRIHPDGRVD GVREKSDPHI 61 KLQLQAEERG VVSIKGVCAN RYLAMKEDGR LLASKCVTDE CFFFERLESS NYNTYRSRKY 121 SSWYVALKRT GQYKLGPKTG PGQKAILFLP MSAKS Amino acid sequence of Canis lupus familiaris (dog) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 140) (GenBank accession no. XP_003432529, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 40                                           M AAGSITTLPA LPEDGGSGAF 61 PPGHFKDPKR LYCKKGGFFL RIHPDGRVDG VREKSDPHVK LQLQAEERGV VSIKGVCANR 121 YLAMKEDGRL LASKCVTDEC FFFERLESNN YNTYRSRKYS SWYVALKRTG QYKLGPKTGP 181 GQKAILFLPM SAKS Amino acid sequence of Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 141) (GenBank accession no. NP_062178, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAAGSITSLP ALPEDGGGAF PPGHFKDPKR LYCKNGGFFL RIHPDGRVDG VREKSDPHVK 61 LQLQAEERGV VSIKGVCANR YLAMKEDGRL LASKCVTEEC FFFERLESNN YNTYRSRKYS 121 SWYVALKRTG QYKLGSKTGP GQKAILFLPM SAKS Amino acid sequence of Heterocephalus glaber (naked mole-rat) FGF2 (partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 22 to 155) (SEQ ID NO: 142) (GenBank accession no. EHB17407, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ppghfkdpkr lycknggffl rihpdgrvdg vreksdphvk lqlqaeergv vsikgvcanr 61 ylamkedgrl laskcvtdec ffferlesnn yntyrsrkys swyvalkrtg qyklgsktgp 121 gqkailflpm saks Amino acid sequence of Otolemur garnettii (bushbaby) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 143) (Ensembl accession no. ENSOGAP00000021960, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 52                                                         MAAGSITTL 61 PSLPEDGGSD AFPPGHFKDP KRLYCKNGGF FLRIHPDGRV DGVREKSDPY IKLQLQAEER 121 GVVSIKGVCA NRYLAMKEDG RLLASKLITD ECFFFERLES NNYNTYRSRK YSSWYVALKR 181 TGQYKLGSKT GPGQKAILFL PMSAKS Amino acid sequence of Mus musculus (house mouse) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 144) (GenBank accession no. NP_032032, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAASGITSLP ALPEDGGAAF PPGHFKDPKR LYCKNGGFFL RIHPDGRVDG VREKSDPHVK 61 LQLQAEERGV VSIKGVCANR YLAMKEDGRL LASKCVTEEC FFFERLESNN YNTYRSRKYS 121 SWYVALKRTG QYKLGSKTGP GQKAILFLPM SAKS Amino acid sequence of Ictidomys tridecemlineatus (squirrel) FGF2 (partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 12 to 155) (SEQ ID NO: 145) (Ensembl accession no. ENSSTOP00000015653, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 LPEDGGGGAF PPGHFKDPKR LYCKNGGFFL RIHPDGRVDG VREKSDPHIK LQLQAEDRGV 61 VSIKGVCANR YLAMKEDGRL LASKCVTDEC FFFERLESNN YNTYRSRKYS SWYVALKRTG 121 QYKLGSKTGP GQKAILFLPM SAKS Amino acid sequence of Felis catus (domestic cat) FGF2 (partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 25 to 130) (SEQ ID NO: 146) (GenBank accession no. ABY47638, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 HFKDPKRLYC KNGGFFLRIH PDGRVDGVRE KSDPHIKLQL QAEERGVVSI KGVCANRYLA 61 MKEDGRLLAS KCVTDECFFF ERLESNNYNT YRSRKYSSWY VALKRT Amino acid sequence of Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) FGF2 (partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 60 to 155) (SEQ ID NO: 147) (Ensembl accession no. ENSCPOP00000004847, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 VKLQLQAEDR GVVSIKGVCA NRYLAMKEDG RLLASKCVTD ECFFFERLES NNYNTYRSRK 61 YSSWYVALKR TGQYKLGSKT GPGQKAILFL PMSAKS Amino acid sequence of Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian devil) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 148) (Ensembl accession no. ENSSHAP00000012215, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 48                                                    MAA GSITTLPALA 61 GDGASGGAFP PGHFQDPKRL YCKNGGFFLR IHPDGHVDGI REKSDPHIKL QLQAEERGVV 121 SIKGVCANRY LAMKEDGRLL ALKCVTEECF FFERLESNNY NTYRSRKYSN WYVALKRTGQ 181 YKLGSKTGPG QKAILFLPMS AKS Amino acid sequence of Monodelphis domestica (gray short-tailed opossum) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 149) (GenBank accession no. NP_001029148, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAAGSITTLP ALSGDGGGGG AFPPGHFKDP KRLYCKNGGF FLRIHPDGRV DGIREKSDPN 61 IKLQLQAEER GVVSIKGVCA NRYLAMKEDG RLLALKYVTE ECFFFERLES NNYNTYRSRK 121 YSNWYVALKR TGQYKLGSKT GPGQKAILFL PMSAKS Amino acid sequence of Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 150) (GenBank accession no. XP_002717284, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAAESITTLP ALPEDGGSGA FPPGHFKDPK RLYCKNGGFF LRIHPDGRVD GVREKSDPHI 61 KLQLQAEERG VVSIKGVCAN RYLAMKEDGR LLASKCVTDE CFFFERLESN NYNTYRSRKY 121 SSWYVALKRT GQYKLGSKTG PGQKAILFLP MSAKS Amino acid sequence of Meleagris gallopavo (turkey) FGF2 (partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 31 to 155) (SEQ ID NO: 151) (Ensembl accession no. ENSMGAP00000010977, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 RLYCKNGGFF LRINPDGRVD GVREKSDPHI KLQLQAEERG VVSIKGVSAN RFLAMKEDGR 61 LLALKCATEE CFFFERLESN NYNTYRSRKY SDWYVALKRT GQYKPGPKTG PGQKAILFLP 121 MSAKS Amino acid sequence of Gallus gallus (chicken) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 152) (GenBank accession no. NP_990764 1 maagaagsit tlpalpddgg ggafppghfk dpkrlyckng gfflrinpdg rvdgvreksd 61 PHIKLQLQAE ERGVVSIKGV SANRFLAMKE DGRLLALKCA TEECFFFERL ESNNYNTYRS 121 RKYSDWYVAL KRTGQYKPGP KTGPGQKAIL FLPMSAKS Amino acid sequence of Taeniopygia guttata (zebra finch) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 153) (GenBank accession no. XP_002188397, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAAAGGIATL PDDGGSGAFP PGHFKDPKRL YCKNGGFFLR INPDGKVDGV REKSDPHIKL 61 QLQAEERGVV SIKGVSANRF LAMKEDGRLL ALKYATEECF FFERLESNNY NTYRSRKYSD 121 WYVALKRTGQ YKPGPKTGPG QKAILFLPMS AKS Amino acid sequence of Cynops pyrrhogaster (Japanese firebelly newt) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 154) (GenBank accession no. BAB63249, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAAGSITSLP ALPEDGNGGT FTPGGFKEPK RLYCKNGGFF LRINSDGKVD GAREKSDSYI 61 KLQLQAEERG VVSIKGVCAN RYLAMKDDGR LMALKWITDE CFFFERLESN NYNTYRSRKY 121 SDWYVALKRT GQYKNGSKTG AGQKAILFLP MSAKS Amino acid sequence of Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 155) (GenBank accession no. NP_001093341, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAAGSITTLP TESEDGGNTP FSPGSFKDPK RLYCKNGGFF LRINSDGRVD GSRDKSDSHI 61 KLQLQAVERG VVSIKGITAN RYLAMKEDGR LTSLRCITDE CFFFERLEAN NYNTYRSRKY 121 SSWYVALKRT GQYKNGSSTG PGQKAILFLP MSAKS Amino acid sequence of Didelphis albiventris (white-eared opossum) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 156) (GenBank accession no. ABL77404, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAAGSITTLP ALSGDGGGGG AFPPGHFKDP KRLYCKNGGF FLRIHPDGRV DGIREKSDPN 61 IKLQLQAEER GVVSIKGVCA NRYLAMKEDG RLLALKYVTE ECFFFERLES NNYNTYRSRK 121 YSNWYVALKR TGQYKLGSKT GPGQKAILFS PCLLRC Amino acid sequence of Myotis lucifugus (microbat) FGF2 (partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 60 to 155) (SEQ ID NO: 157) (Ensembl accession no. ENSMLUP00000017859, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 VKLQLQAEER GVVSIKGVCA NRYLAMKEDG RLQASKCVTD ECFFFERLES NNYNTYRSRK 61 YSSWYVALKR NGQYKLGPKT GPGQKAILFL PMSAKS Amino acid sequence of Anolis carolinensis (anole lizard) FGF2 (partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 16 to 155) (SEQ ID NO: 158) (Ensembl accession no. ENSACAP00000011657, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 AAAASFPPGP FKDPKRLYCK NGGFFLRINP DGGVDGVREK SDPNIKLLLQ AEERGVVSIK 61 GVCANRFLAM NEDGRLLALK YVTDECFFFE RLESNNYNTY RSRKYRDWYI ALKRTGQYKL 121 GPKTGRGQKA ILFLPMSAKS Amino acid sequence of Dasypus novemcinctus (armadillo) FGF2 (partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 1 to 94) (SEQ ID NO: 159) (Ensembl accession no. ENSDNOP00000011351, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 124    MAAGSIT TLPALPEDGG SGAFPPGHFK DPKRLYCKNG GFFLRIHPDG RVDGVREKSD 181 PNIKLQLQAE ERGVVSIKGV CANRYLAMRE DGRLQAS Amino acid sequence of Tupaia belangeri (tree shrew) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 160) (Ensembl accession no. ENSTBEP00000000985, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 AGVRAEREEA PGSGDSRGTD PAARSLIRRP DAAAREALLG ARSRVQGSST SWPASSRTGI 61 KLPDDSGQGM GGYPLDRPSR STGRGLGGAP DPAVKLQLQA EERGVVSIKG VCANRYLAMK 121 EDGRLLASKC VTDECFFFER LESNNYNTYR SRKYSSWYVA LKRTGQYKLG SKTGPGQKAI 181 LFLPMSAKS Amino acid sequence of Xenopus silurana tropicalis (western clawed frog) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 161) (GenBank accession no. NP_001017333, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAAGSITTLP TESEDGNTPF PPGNFKDPKR LYCKNGGYFL RINSDGRVDG SRDKSDLHIK 61 LQLQAVERGV VSIKGITANR YLAMKEDGRL TSLKCITDEC FFYERLEANN YNTYRSRKNN 121 SWYVALKRTG QYKNGSTTGP GQKAILFLPM SAKS Amino acid sequence of Latimeria chalumnae (coelacanth) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 162) (Ensembl accession no. ENSLACP00000019200, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAAGGITTLP AVPEDGGSST FPPGNFKEPK RLYCKNGGYF LRINPDGRVD GTREKNDPYI 61 KLQLQAESIG VVSIKGVCSN RYLAMNEDCR LFGLKYPTDE CFFHERLESN NYNTYRSKKY 121 SDWYVALKRT GQYKPGPKTG LGQKAILFLP MSAKS Amino acid sequence of Tetraodon nigroviridis (spotted green pufferfish) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 163) (GenBank accession no. CAG04681, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 34                                     MATGGIT TLPSTPEDGG SSGFPPGSFK 61 DPKRLYCKNG GFFLRIKSDG VVDGIREKSD PHIKLQLQAT SVGEVVIKGV CANRYLAMNR 121 DGRLFGTKRA TDECHFLERL ESNNYNTYRS RKYPTMFVGL TRTGQYKSGS KTGPGQKAIL 181 FLPMSAKC Amino acid sequence of Gasterosteus aculeatus (stickleback) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 164) (Ensembl accession no. ENSGACP00000022078, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MATAGFATLP STPEDGGSGG FTPGGFKDPK RLYCKNGGFF LRIRSDGGVD GIREKSDAHI 61 KLQIQATSVG EVVIKGVCAN RYLAMNRDGR LFGVRRATDE CYFLERLESN NYNTYRSRKY 121 PGMYVALKRT GQYKSGSKTG PGQKAILFLP MSAKC Amino acid sequence of Takifugu rubripes (fugu rubripes) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 165) (GenBank accession no. CAD19830, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MATGGITTLP STPEDGGSGG FPPGSFKDPK RLYCKNGGFF LRIRSDGAVD GTREKTDPHI 61 KLQLQATSVG EVVIKGVCAN RYLAMNRDGR LFGMKRATDE CHFLERLESN NYNTYRSRKY 121 PNMFVGLTRT GNYKSGTKTG PCQKAILFLP MSAKY Amino acid sequence of Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 166) (GenBank accession no. NP_001118008, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MATGEITTLP ATPEDGGSGG FLPGNFKEPK RLYCKNGGYF LRINSNGSVD GIRDKNDPHN 61 KLQLQATSVG EVVIKGVSAN RYLAMNADGR LFGPRRTTDE CYFMERLESN NYNTYRSRKY 121 PEMYVALKRT GQYKSGSKTG PGQKAILFLP MSARR Amino acid sequence of Salmo salar (salmon) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 167) (GenBank accession no. ACJ02099, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MATGEITTLP ATPEDGGSGG FPPGNFKDPK RLYCKNGGYF LRINSNGSVD GIREKNDPHK 61 QPQFVRAWTL QGVKRSTGML AHVDSNASHN CVKVAGCSLG EFGSMSNRPH NRRPRVATPA 121 QDLHIRLLHL RDRLKPATRT ADKTEEYFCL Amino acid sequence of Danio rerio (zebrafish) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 168) (GenBank accession no. AAP32155, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MATGGITTLP AAPDAENSSF PAGSFRDPKR LYCKNGGFFL RINADGRVDG ARDKSDPHIR 61 LQLQATAVGE VLIKGICTNR FLAMNADGRL FGTKRTTDEC YFLERLESNN YNTYRSRKYP 121 DWYVALKRTG QYKSGSKTSP GQKAILFLPM SAKC Amino acid sequence of Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 169) (GenBank accession no. XP_003443412, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MATGGITTLP ATPEDGGSSG FPPGNFKDPK RLYCKNGGFF LRIKSDGGVD GIREKNDPHI 61 KLQLQATSVG EVVIKGICAN RYLAMNRDGR LFGARRATDE CYFLERLESN NYNTYRSRKY 121 PNMYVALKRT GQYKSGSKTG PGQKAILFLP MSAKC Amino acid sequence of Oryzias latipes (medaka) FGF2 (SEQ ID NO: 170) (Ensembl accession no. ENSORLP00000025834, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MATGEITTLP SPAENSRSDG FPPGNYKDPK RLYCKNGGLF LRIKPDGGVD GIREKKDPHV 61 KLRLQATSAG EVVIKGVCSN RYLAMHGDGR LFGVRQATEE CYFLERLESN NYNTYRSKKY 121 PNMYVALKRT GQYKPGNKTG PGQKAILFLP MSAKY

As noted above, the portion of the paracrine FGF may be modified to decrease binding affinity for heparin and/or heparan sulfate compared to the portion without the modification. In one embodiment, the modification of the paracrine FGF includes one or more substitutions, additions, or deletions.

In one embodiment, the modification is one or more substitutions located at one or more amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: 121 selected from N36, K128, R129, K134, K138, Q143, K144, C78, C96, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the one or more substitutions are selected from N36T, K128D, R129Q, K134V, K138H, Q143M, K144T/L/I, C78S, C96S, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the modification is one or more substitutions which are located at one or more amino acid residues corresponding to residues of SEQ ID NO: 121 selected from N36, K128, R129, K134, K138, Q143, K144, C78, C96, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the modification is one or more substitutions which are located at one or more amino acid residues corresponding to residues of SEQ ID NO: 121 selected from N36, K128, R129, K134, K138, Q143, K144, C78, C96, and combinations thereof. Amino acid residues corresponding to those of SEQ ID NO: 121 may be determined by, for example, sequence analysis and structural analysis.

It will be understood that the portion of the paracrine FGF according to the present invention may be derived from a nucleotide sequence that encodes a paracrine FGF protein. For example, in one embodiment, nucleotide sequence is the nucleotide sequence that encodes human FGF2 (GenBank Accession No. NM_(—)002006, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety)(SEQ ID NO: 171), as follows:

468                                                    ATG GCAGCCGGGA 481 GCATCACCAC GCTGCCCGCC TTGCCCGAGG ATGGCGGCAG CGGCGCCTTC CCGCCCGGCC 541 ACTTCAAGGA CCCCAAGCGG CTGTACTGCA AAAACGGGGG CTTCTTCCTG CGCATCCACC 601 CCGACGGCCG AGTTGACGGG GTCCGGGAGA AGAGCGACCC TCACATCAAG CTACAACTTC 661 AAGCAGAAGA GAGAGGAGTT GTGTCTATCA AAGGAGTGTG TGCTAACCGT TACCTGGCTA 721 TGAAGGAAGA TGGAAGATTA CTGGCTTCTA AATGTGTTAC GGATGAGTGT TTCTTTTTTG 781 AACGATTGGA ATCTAATAAC TACAATACTT ACCGGTCAAG GAAATACACC AGTTGGTATG 841 TGGCACTGAA ACGAACTGGG CAGTATAAAC TTGGATCCAA AACAGGACCT GGGCAGAAAG 901 CTATACTTTT TCTTCCAATG TCTGCTAAGA GCTGA

In another embodiment of the present invention, the portion of the paracrine FGF of the chimeric protein may be derived from a nucleotide sequence that encodes an ortholog of human FGF2. Nucleotide sequences that encode FGF2 orthologs are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Gorilla FGF2 gene coding sequence (amino acids (“aa” 104-258) (SEQ ID NO: 172) (Ensembl accession no. ENSGGOT00000004842, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 310            ATGGCAGCC GGGAGCATCA CCACGCTGCC CGCCTTGCCC GAGGATGGCG 359 GCAGCGGCGC CTTCCCGCCC GGCCACTTCA AGGACCCCAA GCGGCTGTAC TGCAAAAACG 419 GGGGCTTCTT CCTGCGCATC CACCCCGACG GCCGAGTTGA CGGGGTCCGG GAGAAGAGCG 479 ACCCTCACAT CAAGCTACAA CTTCAAGCAG AAGAGAGAGG AGTTGTGTCT ATCAAAGGAG 539 TGTGTGCTAA CCGTTACCTT GCTATGAAGG AAGATGGAAG ATTACTGGCT TCTAAATGTG 599 TTACGGATGA GTGTTTCTTT TTTGAACGAT TGGAATCTAA TAACTACAAT ACTTACCGGT 659 CAAGGAAATA CACCAGTTGG TATGTGGCAC TGAAACGAAC TGGGCAGTAT AAACTTGGAT 719 CCAAAACAGG ACCTGGGCAG AAAGCTATAC TTTTTCTTCC AATGTCTGCT AAGAGCTGA Sumatran orangutan FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 168-322) (SEQ ID NO: 173) (GenBank accession no. XM_002815126, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 504                          ATGGCAG CCGGGAGCAT CACCACGCTG CCCGCCTTGC 541 CCGAGGATGG CGGCAGCGGC GCCTTCCCGC CGGGCCACTT CAAGGACCCC AAGCGGCTGT 601 ACTGCAAAAA CGGGGGCTTC TTCCTGCGCA TCCACCCCGA CGGCCGAGTT GACGGGGTCC 661 GAGAGAAGAG CGACCCTCAC ATCAAACTAC AACTTCAAGC AGAAGAAAGA GGAGTTGTGT 721 CTATCAAAGG AGTGTGTGCT AACCGCTACC TTGCTATGAA GGAAGATGGA AGATTACTGG 781 CTTCTAAATG TGTTACGGAT GAGTGTTTCT TTTTTGAACG ATTGGAATCT AATAACTACA 841 ATACTTACCG GTCAAGGAAA TACACCAGTT GGTATGTGGC ACTGAAACGA ACTGGGCAGT 901 ATAAACTTGG ATCCAAAACA GGACCTGGGC AGAAAGCTAT ACTTTTTCTT CCAATGTCTG 961 CTAAGAGCTG A Rhesus monkey FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 83-237) (SEQ ID NO: 174) (GenBank accession no. XM_001099284, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 247       ATGG CAGCCGGGAG CATCACCACG CTGCCCGCCT TGCCCGAGGA TGGCGGCAGC 301 GGCGCCTTCC CGCCTGGCCA CTTCAAGGAC CCCAAGCGGC TGTACTGCAA AAACGGGGGC 361 TTCTTCCTGC GCATTCACCC CGACGGCCGA GTTGACGGGG TCCGGGAGAA GAGCGACCCT 421 CACATCAAAT TACAACTTCA AGCAGAAGAG AGAGGAGTTG TGTCTATCAA AGGAGTGTGT 481 GCTAACCGTT ACCTTGCTAT GAAGGAAGAT GGAAGATTAC TGGCTTCTAA ATGTGTTACA 541 GATGAGTGTT TCTTTTTTGA ACGATTGGAA TCTAATAACT ACAATACTTA CCGGTCAAGG 601 AAATACACCA GTTGGTATGT GGCACTGAAA CGAACTGGGC AATATAAACT TGGATCCAAA 661 ACAGGACCTG GGCAGAAAGC TATACTTTTT CTTCCAATGT CTGCTAAGAG CTGA Chimpanzee FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 134-288) (SEQ ID NO: 175) (GenBank accession no. NM_001110241, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 400                                           A TGGCAGCCGG GAGCATCACC 421 ACGCTGCCCG CCTTGCCCGA GGATGGCGGC AGCGGCGCCT TCCCGCCCGG CCACTTCAAG 481 GACCCCAAGC GGCTGTACTG CAAAAACGGG GGCTTCTTCC TGCGCATCCA CCCCGACGGC 541 CGAGTTGACG GGGTCCGGGA GAAGAGCGAC CCTCACATCA AGCTACAACT TCAAGCAGAA 601 GAGAGAGGAG TTGTGTCTAT CAAAGGAGTG TGTGCTAACC GTTACCTTGC TATGAAGGAA 661 GATGGAAGAT TACTGGCTTC TAAATGTGTT ACGGATGAGT GTTTCTTTTT TGAACGATTG 721 GAATCTAATA ACTACAATAC TTACCGGTCA AGGAAATACA CCAGTTGGTA TGTGGCACTG 781 AAACGAACTG GGCAGTATAA ACTTGGATCC AAAACAGGAC CTGGGCAGAA AGCTATACTT 841 TTTCTTCCAA TGTCTGCTAA GAGCTGA Pygmy chimpanzee FGF2 gene coding sequence (112-266) (SEQ ID NO: 176) (GenBank accession no. XM_003816433, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 334                                     ATGGCAG CCGGGAGCAT CACCACGCTG 361 CCCGCCTTGC CCGAGGATGG CGGCAGCGGC GCCTTCCCGC CCGGCCACTT CAAGGACCCC 421 AAGCGGCTGT ACTGCAAAAA CGGGGGCTTC TTCCTGCGCA TCCACCCCGA CGGCCGAGTT 481 GACGGGGTCC GGGAGAAGAG CGACCCTCAC ATCAAGCTAC AACTTCAAGC AGAAGAGAGA 541 GGAGTTGTGT CTATCAAAGG AGTGTGTGCT AACCGTTACC TTGCTATGAA GGAAGATGGA 601 AGATTACTGG CTTCTAAATG TGTTACGGAT GAGTGTTTCT TTTTTGAACG ATTGGAATCT 661 AATAACTACA ATACTTACCG GTCAAGGAAA TACACCAGTT GGTATGTGGC ACTGAAACGA 721 ACTGGGCAGT ATAAACTTGG ATCCAAAACA GGACCTGGGC AGAAAGCTAT ACTTTTTCTT 781 CCAATGTCTG CTAAGAGCTG A Bolivian squirrel monkey FGF2 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 177) (GenBank accession no. XM_003936241, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 23                         ATGGCAGC CGGGAGCATC ACCACGCTGC CCGCCCTGCC 61 CGAAGACGGC GGCAGCGGCG CCTTCCCGCC CGGCCACTTC AAAGACCCCA AGCGGCTGTA 121 CTGCAAAAAC GGGGGCTTCT TCCTGCGAAT CCACCCCGAC GGCCGAGTGG ACGGGGTCCG 181 GGAGAAGAGC GACCCTCACA TCAAACTACA ACTTCAAGCA GAAGAGAGAG GAGTTGTATC 241 TATCAAAGGA GTGTGTGCTA ACCGTTACCT TGCTATGAAG GAAGATGGAA GATTACTGGC 301 TTCTAAATGT GTTACGGACG AGTGTTTCTT TTTTGAACGA TTGGAATCTA ATAACTACAA 361 TACTTACCGA TCAAGGAAAT ACACCAGTTG GTATGTGGCA CTGAAACGAA CTGGGCAGTA 421 TAAACTTGGA TCCAAAACAG GACCTGGGCA GAAAGCTATA CTTTTTCTTC CAATGTCTGC 481 TAAGAGCTGA Northern white-cheeked gibbon FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 178) (GenBank accession no. XM_003271356, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 435                                                    ATG GCAGCCGGGA 481 GCATCACCAC GCTGCCCGCC TTGCCGGAGG ATGGCGGCAG CGGCGCCTTC CCGCCCGGCC 541 ACTTCAAGGA CCCCAAGCGG CTGTACTGCA AAAACGGGGG TTTCTTCCTG CGCATCCACC 601 CCGACGGTCG AGTTGACGGG GTCCGGGAGA AGAGCGACCC TCACATCAAA CTACAACTTC 661 AAGCAGAAGA GAGAGGAGTT GTGTCTATCA AAGGAGTGTG TGCTAACCGT TACCTTGCTA 721 TGAAGGAAGA TGGAAGATTA CTGGCTTCTA AATGTGTTAC GGATGAGTGT TTCTTTTTTG 781 AACGATTGGA ATCTAATAAC TACAATACTT ACCGGTCAAG GAAATACACC AGTTGGTATG 841 TGGCACTGAA ACGAACTGGG CAGTATAAAC TTGGATCCAA AACAGGACCT GGGCAGAAAG 901 CTATACTTTT TCTTCCAATG TCTGCTAAGA GCTGA Horse FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 179) (GenBank accession no. NM_001195221, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 54                                                           ATGGCAG 61 CCGGGAGCAT CACCACGCTG CCCGCCCTGC CCGAGGACGG CGGCAGCGGC GCCTTCCCGC 121 CCGGCCACTT CAAGGACCCC AAGCGGCTCT ACTGCAAAAA CGGGGGCTTC TTCCTGCGCA 181 TCCACCCCGA CGGCCGAGTG GACGGGGTCC GGGAGAAGAG CGACCCTCAC ATCAAACTAC 241 AACTTCAAGC AGAAGAGAGA GGGGTTGTGT CTATCAAAGG AGTGTGTGCG AACCGTTATC 301 TTGCTATGAA GGAAGATGGA AGGTTACTGG CTTCTAAATG TGTTACGGAC GAGTGTTTCT 361 TTTTTGAACG ATTGGAATCT AATAACTACA ATACTTACCG GTCAAGGAAA TACTCCAGTT 421 GGTATGTGGC CCTGAAACGA ACGGGGCAGT ATAAACTTGG ACCCAAAACA GGACCTGGAC 481 AGAAAGCTAT ACTTTTTCTT CCAATGTCTG CTAAGAGCTG A Cattle FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 180) (GenBank accession no. NM_174056, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 104                                                ATGGCCG CCGGGAGCAT 121 CACCACGCTG CCAGCCCTGC CGGAGGACGG CGGCAGCGGC GCTTTCCCGC CGGGCCACTT 181 CAAGGACCCC AAGCGGCTGT ACTGCAAGAA CGGGGGCTTC TTCCTGCGCA TCCACCCCGA 241 CGGCCGAGTG GACGGGGTCC GCGAGAAGAG CGACCCACAC ATCAAACTAC AACTTCAAGC 301 AGAAGAGAGA GGGGTTGTGT CTATCAAAGG AGTGTGTGCA AACCGTTACC TTGCTATGAA 361 AGAAGATGGA AGATTACTAG CTTCTAAATG TGTTACAGAC GAGTGTTTCT TTTTTGAACG 421 ATTGGAGTCT AATAACTACA ATACTTACCG GTCAAGGAAA TACTCCAGTT GGTATGTGGC 481 ACTGAAACGA ACTGGGCAGT ATAAACTTGG ACCCAAAACA GGACCTGGGC AGAAAGCTAT 541 ACTTTTTCTT CCAATGTCTG CTAAGAGCTG A Olive baboon FGF2 gene coding sequence (1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 181) (GenBank accession no. XM_003899161, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 467                                                   ATGG CAGCCGGGAG 481 CATCACCACG CTGCCCGCCT TGCCCGAGGA TGGCGGCAGC GGCGCCTTCC CGCCCGGCCA 541 CTTCAAGGAC CCCAAGCGGC TGTACTGCAA AAACGGGGGC TTCTTCCTGC GCATTCACCC 601 CGACGGCCGA GTTGACGGGG TCCGGGAGAA GAGCGACCCT CACATCAAAT TACAACTTCA 661 AGCAGAAGAG AGAGGAGTTG TGTCTATCAA AGGAGTGTGT GCTAACCGTT ACCTTGCTAT 721 GAAGGAAGAT GGAAGATTAC TGGCTTCTAA ATGTGTTACG GATGAGTGTT TCTTTTTTGA 781 ACGATTGGAA TCTAATAACT ACAATACTTA CCGGTCAAGG AAATACACCA GTTGGTATGT 841 GGCACTGAAA CGAACTGGGC AGTATAAACT TGGATCCAAA ACAGGACCTG GGCAGAAAGC 901 TATACTTTTT CTTCCAATGT CTGCTAAGAG CTGA Alpaca FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 111-265) (SEQ ID NO: 182) (Ensembl accession no. ENSVPAT00000010536, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 341                                  ATGGCAGCTG GGAGCATCAC CACGCTGCCC 361 GCCCTGCCGG AGGACGGCGG CAGCGGCGCC TTCCCGCCCG GCCACTTCAA GGACCCCAAG 421 CGGTTGTACT GCAAAAACGG GGGCTTCTTC CTGCGCATCC ACCCCGACGG CCGAGTGGAC 481 GGGGTCCGGG AGAAGAGCGA CCCTCACATC AAACTACAAC TTCAAGCAGA AGAGAGAGGG 541 GTCGTGTCTA TCAAAGGAGT GTGTGCAAAC CGTTACCTTG CTATGAAGGA AGATGGAAGA 601 TTACTGGCTT CTAAATGTGT CACAGACGAG TGTTTCTTTT TTGAACGATT GGAATCTAAT 661 AACTACAATA CTTACCGGTC AAGGAAATAC TCCAGTTGGT ATGTGGCACT GAAACGAACT 721 GGGCAGTACA AACTTGGACC CAAAACAGGA CCTGGGCAGA AAGCTATACT TTTCCTTCCA 781 ATGTCTGCTA AGAGCTGA Sheep FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 183) (GenBank accession no. NM_001009769, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCCGCCG GGAGCATCAC CACGCTGCCA GCCCTGCCGG AGGACGGCGG CAGCAGCGCT 61 TTCCCGCCCG GCCACTTTAA GGACCCCAAG CGGCTGTACT GCAAGAACGG GGGCTTCTTC 121 CTGCGCATCC ACCCCGACGG CCGAGTGGAC GGGGTCCGCG AGAAGAGCGA CCCTCACATC 181 AAACTACAAC TTCAAGCAGA AGAGAGAGGG GTTGTGTCTA TCAAAGGAGT GTGTGCAAAC 241 CGTTACCTTG CTATGAAAGA AGATGGAAGA TTACTAGCTT CTAAATGTGT TACAGACGAG 301 TGTTTCTTTT TTGAACGATT GGAGTCTAAT AACTACAATA CTTACCGGTC AAGGAAATAC 361 TCCAGTTGGT ATGTGGCACT GAAACGAACT GGGCAGTATA AACTTGGACC CAAAACAGGA 421 CCTGGGCAGA AAGCTATACT TTTTCTTCCA ATGTCTGCTA AGAGCTGA Western roe deer FGF2 gene coding sequence (1-108; partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 42 to 149) (SEQ ID NO: 184) (GenBank accession no. AF152587, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 GCGCATCCAC CCCGACGGCC GAGTGGACGG GGTCCGCGAG AAGAGTGACC CTCACATCAA 61 ACTACAACTT CAAGCAGAAG AGAGAGGGGT TGTGTCTATC AAAGGAGTGT GTGCGAACCG 121 TTATCTTGCT ATGAAAGAAG ACGGAAGATT ATTGGCTTCA AAATGTGTTA CAGACGAATG 181 TTTCTTTTTT GAACGATTGG AGTCTAATAA CTACAATACT TACCGGTCAA GGAAATACTC 241 CAGTTGGTAT GTGGCACTGA AACGAACTGG GCAGTATAAA CTTGGACCCA AAACAGGACC 301 TGGGCAGAAA GCTATACTTT TTCTT Elephant FGF2 gene coding sequence (1-96; partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 60 to 155) (SEQ ID NO: 185) (Ensembl accession no. ENSLAFT00000008249, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 GTTAAACTAC AGCTTCAAGC AGAAGAGAGA GGTGTTGTGT CTATCAAAGG AGTGTGTGCC 61 AACCGTTATC TGGCTATGAA GGAAGATGGA AGATTGCTGG CTTCTAGATG TGTGACAGAT 121 GAATGTTTCT TCTTTGAACG ACTGGAATCT AATAACTACA ATACTTACCG GTCAAGGAAA 181 TACACCAGTT GGTATGTGGC ACTGAAACGA ACGGGGCAGT ATAAACTTGG ATCCAAAACA 241 GGACCTGGAC AGAAAGCTAT ACTTTTTCTT CCCATGTCTG CTAAGAGC Pig FGF2 gene coding sequence (1-120; partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 36 to 155) (SEQ ID NO: 186) (GenBank accession no. AJ577089 and Ensembl accession no. ENSSSCT00000009952, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 GAACGGGGGC TTCTTCCTGC GCATCCACCC CGACGGCCGA GTGGATGGGG TCCGGGAGAA 61 GAGCGACCCT CACATCAAAC TACAACTTCA AGCAGAAGAG AGAGGGGTTG TGTCTATCAA 121 AGGAGTGTGT GCAAACCGTT ATCTTGCTAT GAAGGAAGAT GGAAGATTAC TGGCTTCTAA 181 ATGTGTTACA GACGAGTGTT TCTTTTTTGA ACGACTGGAA TCTAATAACT ACAATACTTA 241 CCGGTCGAGG AAATACTCCA GTTGGTATGT GGCACTGAAA CGAACTGGGC AGTATAAACT 301 TGGACCCAAA ACAGGACCTG GGCAGAAAGC TATACTTTTT CTTCCAATGT CTGCTAAGAG 361 C Panda FGF2 gene coding sequence (1-96; partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 60 to 155) (SEQ ID NO: 187) (Ensembl accession no. ENSAMET00000019232, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 GTCAAACTGC AACTTCAAGC GGAAGAGAGA GGGGTTGTAT CCATCAAAGG AGTATGTGCA 61 AATCGCTATC TTGCCATGAA GGAAGATGGA AGATTACTGG CTTCTAAATG TGTTACCGAT 121 GAGTGTTTCT TTTTTGAGCG ACTGGAATCT AATAACTACA ATACTTACCG GTCAAGGAAA 181 TACTCCAGTT GGTATGTGGC ACTGAAACGA ACTGGGCAGT ATAAACTTGG ACCCAAAACA 241 GGACCTGGGC AGAAAGCTAT ACTTTTTCTT CCAATGTCTG CTAAGAGC Sloth FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 14-168) (SEQ ID NO: 188) (Ensembl accession no. ENSCHOT00000011394, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 40                                           A TGGCAGCCGG GAGCATCACC 61 ACGCTGCCCG CCCTGCCCGA GGACGGAGGC AGCGGCGCCT TACCGCCCGG CCACTTCAAA 121 GATCCCAAGC GGCTCTACTG CAAAAACGGG GGCTTCTTCC TGCGTATCCA TCCCGACGGC 181 AGAGTGGACG GGGTCCGGGA GAAGAGCGAC CCCCACATCA AACTACAACT TCAAGCAGAA 241 GAGAGAGGGG TTGTGTCTAT CAAAGGTGTG TGTGCAAACC GATATCTTGC TATGAAGGAA 301 GATGGAAGAT TACAGGCTTC TAAATGTGTA ACGGACGAGT GTTTCTTTTT TGAACGATTG 361 GAATCTAATA ACTACAATAC GTACCGATCA AGGAAATACT CCAGTTGGTA TGTGGCACTG 421 AAACGAACTG GGCAATATAA ACTTGGACCC AAAACAGGAC CTGGGCAGAA AGCCATACTT 481 TTTCTTCCAA TGTCTGCTAA GAGCTGA Water buffalo FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 189) (GenBank accession no. JQ326277, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCCGCCG GGAGCATCAC CACGCTGCCA CCCCTGCCGG AGGACGGCGG CAGCGGCGCT 61 TTCCCGCCCG GCCACTTCAA GGACCCCAAG CGGCTGTACT GCAAGAACGG GGGCTTCTTC 121 CTGCGCATCC ACCCCGACGG CCGAGTGGAC GGGGTCCGCG AGAAGAGCGA CCCACACATC 181 AAACTACAAC TTCAAGCAGA AGAGAGAGGG GTTGTGTCTA TCAAAGGAGT GTGTGCAAAC 241 CGTTACCTTG CTATGAAAGA AGATGGAAGA TTACTAGCTT CCAAATGTGT TACAGACGAG 301 TGTTTCTTTT TTGAACGATT GGAGTCTAGT AACTACAATA CTTACCGGTC AAGGAAATAC 361 TCCAGTTGGT ATGTGGCACT GAAACGAACT GGGCAGTATA AACTTGGACC CAAAACAGGA 421 CCTGGGCAGA AAGCTATACT TTTTCTTCCA ATGTCTGCTA AGAGCTGA Dog FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 40-194) (SEQ ID NO: 190) (GenBank accession no. XM_003432481, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 118                                                               ATG 121 GCAGCCGGGA GCATCACCAC GCTGCCCGCC CTGCCGGAGG ACGGCGGCAG CGGCGCCTTC 181 CCGCCCGGCC ACTTCAAGGA CCCCAAGAGG CTGTACTGCA AAAAAGGGGG CTTCTTCCTG 241 CGGATCCACC CCGACGGCCG GGTGGACGGG GTCCGGGAGA AGAGCGATCC CCACGTCAAA 301 TTGCAACTTC AAGCAGAAGA GAGAGGCGTT GTGTCCATCA AAGGAGTATG TGCAAATCGC 361 TATCTTGCTA TGAAGGAAGA TGGAAGATTA CTGGCTTCTA AATGTGTTAC TGACGAGTGC 421 TTCTTTTTTG AACGATTGGA ATCTAATAAC TACAATACTT ACCGGTCAAG GAAATACTCC 481 AGTTGGTATG TGGCACTGAA ACGAACTGGG CAGTATAAAC TTGGACCAAA AACAGGACCT 541 GGGCAGAAAG CTATACTTTT TCTTCCAATG TCTGCTAAGA GCTGA Norway rat FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-154) (SEQ ID NO: 191) (GenBank accession no. NM_019305, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 533                                                          ATGGCTGC 541 CGGCAGCATC ACTTCGCTTC CCGCACTGCC GGAGGACGGC GGCGGCGCCT TCCCACCCGG 601 CCACTTCAAG GATCCCAAGC GGCTCTACTG CAAGAACGGC GGCTTCTTCC TGCGCATCCA 661 TCCAGACGGC CGCGTGGACG GCGTCCGGGA GAAGAGCGAC CCACACGTCA AACTACAGCT 721 CCAAGCAGAA GAGAGAGGAG TTGTGTCCAT CAAGGGAGTG TGTGCGAACC GGTACCTGGC 781 TATGAAGGAA GATGGACGGC TGCTGGCTTC TAAGTGTGTT ACAGAAGAGT GTTTCTTCTT 841 TGAACGCCTG GAGTCCAATA ACTACAACAC TTACCGGTCA CGGAAATACT CCAGTTGGTA 901 TGTGGCACTG AAACGAACTG GGCAGTATAA ACTCGGATCC AAAACGGGGC CTGGACAGAA 961 GGCCATACTG TTTCTTCCAA TGTCTGCTAA GAGCTGA Naked mole-rat FGF2 gene coding sequence (1-134; partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 22 to 155) (SEQ ID NO: 192) (GenBank accession no. JH173674, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 378500                     C CACCCGGCCA CTTCAAGGAC CCAAAGCGGC 378531 TGTACTGCAA AAACGGGGGC TTCTTCCTGC GCATCCACCC CGACGGCCGC 378581 GTGGACGGGG TCCGGGAGAA GAGCGACCCT CACG 418784    TCAAACT ACAACTTCAA GCAGAAGAGA GAGGAGTTGT GTCTATTAAG 418831 GGAGTGTGTG CGAACCGTTA CCTTGCTATG AAGGAAGATG GAAGATTACT 418881 GGCTTCT 433983   AAATGTGT TACAGATGAG TGTTTCTTTT TTGAACGATT GGAATCTAAT 434031 AACTACAATA CTTATCGGTC AAGGAAATAC TCCAGTTGGT ATGTGGCACT 434081 GAAACGAACT GGACAATATA AACTTGGATC CAAAACAGGA CCGGGGCAGA 434131 AAGCTATACT TTTTCTTCCA ATGTCTGCTA AGAGCTGA Bushbaby FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 52-206) (SEQ ID NO: 193) (Ensembl accession no. ENSOGAT00000025228, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 154                                     ATGGCAG CCGGGAGCAT CACCACGCTG 181 CCCTCCCTGC CCGAGGACGG CGGCAGCGAC GCCTTTCCGC CCGGCCACTT CAAGGACCCC 241 AAGCGACTGT ACTGCAAAAA CGGGGGCTTC TTCCTGCGCA TCCACCCCGA CGGCCGAGTG 301 GACGGGGTCC GGGAGAAGAG CGACCCTTAC ATCAAACTAC AACTTCAAGC AGAAGAGAGA 361 GGAGTTGTGT CTATCAAAGG AGTGTGTGCG AACCGTTACC TTGCTATGAA GGAAGACGGA 421 AGATTGCTGG CTTCTAAATT GATTACAGAC GAGTGCTTCT TTTTTGAACG ACTGGAATCT 481 AATAACTACA ATACTTACCG GTCAAGAAAA TACTCCAGTT GGTATGTGGC ACTGAAACGA 541 ACTGGACAGT ATAAACTTGG ATCCAAAACA GGACCTGGGC AGAAAGCTAT ACTTTTTCTT 601 CCAATGTCTG CTAAGAGCTG A House mouse FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-154) (SEQ ID NO: 194) (GenBank accession no. NM_008006, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 198                   ATG GCTGCCAGCG GCATCACCTC GCTTCCCGCA CTGCCGGAGG 241 ACGGCGGCGC CGCCTTCCCA CCAGGCCACT TCAAGGACCC CAAGCGGCTC TACTGCAAGA 301 ACGGCGGCTT CTTCCTGCGC ATCCATCCCG ACGGCCGCGT GGATGGCGTC CGCGAGAAGA 361 GCGACCCACA CGTCAAACTA CAACTCCAAG CAGAAGAGAG AGGAGTTGTG TCTATCAAGG 421 GAGTGTGTGC CAACCGGTAC CTTGCTATGA AGGAAGATGG ACGGCTGCTG GCTTCTAAGT 481 GTGTTACAGA AGAGTGTTTC TTCTTTGAAC GACTGGAATC TAATAACTAC AATACTTACC 541 GGTCACGGAA ATACTCCAGT TGGTATGTGG CACTGAAACG AACTGGGCAG TATAAACTCG 601 GATCCAAAAC GGGACCTGGA CAGAAGGCCA TACTGTTTCT TCCAATGTCT GCTAAGAGCT 661 GA Squirrel FGF2 gene coding sequence (1-144; partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 12 to 155) (SEQ ID NO: 195) (Ensembl accession no. ENSSTOT00000022105, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 CTGCCCGAGG ACGGCGGCGG CGGCGCCTTC CCGCCCGGCC ACTTTAAGGA CCCCAAGCGG 61 CTCTACTGCA AAAACGGAGG CTTCTTCCTG CGCATCCACC CCGACGGCCG AGTGGACGGG 121 GTCCGGGAGA AGAGCGACCC CCACATCAAG CTCCAGCTTC AAGCCGAAGA CCGAGGGGTT 181 GTGTCCATCA AGGGAGTGTG TGCAAACCGA TACCTGGCCA TGAAGGAGGA CGGGAGGCTC 241 CTGGCTTCTA AATGTGTTAC GGACGAGTGT TTCTTTTTTG AACGACTGGA ATCAAATAAC 301 TACAATACTT ACCGGTCAAG GAAATACTCC AGTTGGTATG TGGCCCTGAA ACGAACAGGG 361 CAGTATAAAC TTGGATCCAA AACAGGACCT GGGCAGAAAG CTATACTTTT TCTTCCAATG 421 TCTGCTAAGA GC Domestic cat FGF2 gene coding sequence (1-106; partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 25 to 130) (SEQ ID NO: 196) (GenBank accession no. EU314952, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 CCACTTCAAG GACCCCAAGC GTCTGTACTG CAAAAACGGG GGCTTCTTCC TGCGCATCCA 61 CCCCGACGGC CGAGTGGATG GGGTCCGGGA GAAGAGCGAC CCTCACATCA AACTGCAACT 121 TCAGGCAGAA GAGAGAGGGG TTGTGTCCAT CAAAGGAGTC TGTGCAAACC GCTATCTTGC 181 CATGAAGGAA GATGGAAGAT TACTGGCTTC TAAATGTGTT ACGGACGAGT GTTTCTTTTT 241 TGAACGATTG GAATCTAATA ACTACAATAC TTATCGGTCA AGGAAATACT CCAGCTGGTA 301 TGTGGCACTG AAACGAAC Guinea pig FGF2 gene coding sequence (1-96; partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 60 to 155) (SEQ ID NO: 197) (Ensembl accession no. ENSCPOT00000005443, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 GTTAAACTAC AACTTCAAGC CGAAGACAGA GGAGTTGTGT CTATCAAGGG AGTCTGTGCG 61 AACCGTTACC TTGCTATGAA GGAAGACGGA AGATTATTGG CTTCCAAATG TGTTACAGAT 121 GAATGTTTCT TTTTTGAACG ACTGGAATCT AATAACTACA ACACTTACCG GTCAAGGAAA 181 TACTCCAGTT GGTATGTGGC ACTGAAACGA ACTGGACAAT ATAAACTTGG GTCCAAAACA 241 GGACCAGGGC AGAAAGCCAT ACTTTTTCTT CCAATGTCTG CGAAGAGC Tasmanian devil FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 48-203) (SEQ ID NO: 198) (Ensembl accession no. ENSSHAP00000012215, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 142                        ATGGCCGCG GGCAGCATCA CCACGTTGCC GGCCCTGGCC 181 GGGGATGGAG CCAGCGGGGG CGCCTTTCCC CCGGGCCACT TCCAGGACCC CAAGCGGCTG 241 TACTGCAAGA ACGGAGGCTT CTTCTTGCGC ATCCATCCCG ACGGTCACGT GGACGGCATC 301 CGCGAGAAGA GCGATCCGCA CATTAAACTT CAGCTTCAGG CAGAAGAGAG AGGAGTAGTG 361 TCTATTAAAG GAGTTTGTGC CAACCGCTAT CTTGCCATGA AAGAGGATGG CAGATTACTG 421 GCTCTGAAAT GTGTGACTGA AGAGTGTTTC TTCTTTGAAC GTCTAGAGTC CAACAATTAC 481 AACACTTATC GCTCAAGGAA ATACTCCAAT TGGTATGTGG CATTGAAACG CACAGGCCAG 541 TATAAGCTTG GATCCAAGAC TGGACCAGGG CAGAAAGCCA TCCTTTTCCT TCCCATGTCT 601 GCTAAGAGCT GA Gray short-tailed opossum FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 199) (GenBank accession no. NM_001033976, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 29                               AT GGCCGCAGGC AGCATCACCA CGCTGCCAGC 61 CCTGTCCGGG GACGGAGGCG GCGGGGGCGC CTTTCCCCCG GGCCACTTCA AGGACCCCAA 121 GCGGCTGTAC TGCAAGAACG GAGGCTTCTT CCTGCGCATC CACCCCGACG GCCGTGTGGA 181 CGGCATCCGC GAGAAGAGCG ACCCGAACAT TAAACTACAA CTTCAGGCAG AAGAGAGAGG 241 AGTGGTGTCT ATTAAAGGAG TATGTGCCAA TCGCTATCTT GCCATGAAGG AAGATGGAAG 301 ATTATTGGCT TTGAAATATG TGACCGAAGA GTGTTTCTTT TTCGAACGCT TGGAGTCCAA 361 CAACTACAAC ACTTATCGCT CGAGGAAATA TTCCAATTGG TACGTGGCAC TGAAACGAAC 421 GGGGCAGTAC AAGCTTGGAT CCAAGACTGG CCCGGGGCAG AAAGCCATCC TTTTCCTCCC 481 CATGTCTGCT AAGAGCTGA Rabbit FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 200) (GenBank accession no. XM_002717238, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCAGCCG AGAGCATCAC CACGCTGCCC GCCCTGCCGG AGGATGGAGG CAGCGGCGCC 61 TTCCCGCCCG GCCACTTCAA GGACCCCAAG CGGCTGTACT GCAAAAACGG GGGTTTCTTC 121 CTGCGTATCC ACCCCGACGG CCGCGTGGAC GGGGTCCGGG AGAAGAGCGA CCCACACATC 181 AAATTACAAC TTCAAGCAGA AGAGAGAGGA GTTGTATCCA TCAAAGGTGT GTGTGCAAAC 241 CGTTACCTTG CTATGAAGGA AGATGGAAGA CTGCTGGCTT CTAAATGTGT TACAGACGAG 301 TGCTTCTTTT TTGAACGACT GGAGTCTAAT AACTACAATA CTTACCGGTC AAGGAAATAT 361 TCCAGCTGGT ATGTGGCACT GAAACGAACT GGGCAGTATA AACTTGGATC CAAAACAGGA 421 CCTGGGCAGA AGGCTATACT TTTTCTTCCA ATGTCTGCTA AGAGCTGA Turkey FGF2 gene coding sequence (1-125; partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 31 to 155) (SEQ ID NO: 201) (Ensembl accession no. ENSMGAT00000011845, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 CGGCTCTACT GTAAGAACGG CGGCTTCTTC CTGCGCATCA ATCCCGACGG CAGAGTGGAC 61 GGCGTCCGCG AGAAGAGCGA TCCGCACATC AAACTGCAGC TTCAGGCAGA AGAAAGAGGA 121 GTGGTATCAA TCAAAGGTGT AAGTGCAAAC CGCTTTCTGG CTATGAAGGA GGATGGCAGA 181 TTGCTGGCAC TGAAATGTGC AACAGAAGAA TGTTTCTTTT TTGAGCGTTT GGAATCTAAT 241 AATTATAACA CTTACCGGTC ACGGAAGTAC TCTGATTGGT ATGTGGCACT GAAAAGAACT 301 GGACAGTACA AGCCCGGACC AAAAACTGGA CCTGGACAGA AAGCTATCCT TTTTCTTCCA 361 ATGTCTGCTA AAAGC Gallus gallus FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-158) (SEQ ID NO: 202) (GenBank accession no. NM_205433, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 98                                         ATG GCGGCGGGGG CGGCGGGGAG 121 CATCACCACG CTGCCGGCGC TGCCCGACGA CGGGGGCGGC GGCGCTTTTC CCCCCGGGCA 181 CTTCAAGGAC CCCAAGCGGC TCTACTGCAA GAACGGCGGC TTCTTCCTGC GCATCAACCC 241 CGACGGCAGG GTGGACGGCG TCCGCGAGAA GAGCGATCCG CACATCAAAC TGCAGCTTCA 301 AGCAGAAGAA AGAGGAGTAG TATCAATCAA AGGCGTAAGT GCAAACCGCT TTCTGGCTAT 361 GAAGGAGGAT GGCAGATTGC TGGCACTGAA ATGTGCAACA GAGGAATGTT TCTTTTTCGA 421 GCGCTTGGAA TCTAATAACT ATAACACTTA CCGGTCACGG AAGTACTCTG ATTGGTATGT 481 GGCACTGAAA AGGACTGGAC AGTACAAGCC CGGACCAAAA ACTGGACCTG GACAGAAAGC 541 TATCCTTTTT CTTCCAATGT CTGCTAAAAG CTGA Zebra finch FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-153) (SEQ ID NO: 203) (GenBank accession no. XM_002188361, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCGGCGG CGGGGGGCAT CGCTACGCTG CCCGACGACG GCGGCAGCGG CGCCTTTCCC 61 CCGGGGCACT TCAAGGACCC CAAGCGCCTG TACTGCAAGA ACGGCGGCTT CTTCCTGCGC 121 ATCAACCCCG ACGGGAAGGT GGACGGCGTC CGCGAGAAGA GCGACCCGCA CATCAAGCTG 181 CAGCTTCAGG CGGAGGAACG AGGAGTGGTG TCCATCAAAG GTGTCAGTGC CAATCGCTTC 241 CTGGCCATGA AAGAGGATGG CAGATTGCTG GCCTTGAAAT ATGCAACAGA AGAATGTTTC 301 TTTTTTGAAC GTTTGGAATC CAATAACTAT AACACTTACC GGTCACGGAA ATACTCGGAT 361 TGGTATGTGG CACTGAAAAG AACTGGACAG TACAAACCTG GACCAAAAAC TGGACCTGGA 421 CAGAAAGCTA TCCTTTTCCT TCCTATGTCT GCTAAAAGCT GA Japanese firebelly newt FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 204) (GenBank accession no. AB064664, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 384                          ATGGCTG CTGGGAGCAT CACCAGTCTC CCTGCCCTAC 421 CCGAGGACGG GAATGGCGGC ACCTTCACAC CCGGCGGATT CAAAGAGCCG AAGAGGCTGT 481 ACTGCAAGAA CGGGGGCTTC TTTCTCCGGA TCAACTCCGA CGGCAAGGTG GACGGAGCCC 541 GGGAGAAGAG CGACTCCTAC ATTAAACTGC AGCTTCAAGC AGAAGAGCGC GGTGTGGTGT 601 CCATCAAGGG AGTATGTGCA AACCGCTATC TCGCTATGAA GGATGATGGC AGGCTGATGG 661 CGCTGAAATG GATAACCGAT GAATGCTTCT TTTTCGAGCG ACTGGAGTCC AACAACTATA 721 ACACGTATCG ATCACGGAAA TATTCCGATT GGTATGTGGC GCTGAAAAGA ACTGGGCAAT 781 ACAAAAATGG ATCAAAAACC GGAGCAGGAC AGAAAGCAAT CCTTTTTCTA CCCATGTCGG 841 CCAAGAGTTG A African clawed frog FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 205) (GenBank accession no. NM_001099871, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 335                                      ATGGCG GCAGGGAGCA TCACAACTCT 361 GCCAACTGAA TCCGAGGATG GGGGAAACAC TCCTTTTTCA CCAGGGAGTT TTAAAGACCC 421 CAAGAGGCTC TACTGCAAGA ACGGGGGCTT CTTCCTCAGG ATAAACTCAG ACGGGAGAGT 481 GGACGGGTCA AGGGACAAAA GTGACTCGCA CATAAAATTA CAGCTACAAG CTGTAGAGCG 541 GGGAGTGGTA TCAATAAAGG GAATCACTGC AAATCGCTAC CTTGCCATGA AGGAAGATGG 601 GAGATTAACA TCGCTGAGGT GTATAACAGA TGAATGCTTC TTTTTTGAAC GACTGGAAGC 661 TAATAACTAC AACACTTACC GGTCTCGGAA ATACAGCAGC TGGTATGTGG CACTAAAGCG 721 AACCGGGCAG TACAAAAATG GATCGAGCAC TGGACCGGGA CAAAAAGCTA TTTTATTTCT 781 CCCAATGTCC GCAAAGAGCT GA White-eared opossum FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-156) (SEQ ID NO: 206) (GenBank accession no. EF057322, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCAGCAG GCAGCATCAC CACATTGCCG GCCCTGTCCG GGGACGGAGG CGGCGGGGGA 61 GCCTTTCCTC CAGGCCACTT CAAGGACCCC AAGCGGCTGT ACTGCAAGAA CGGAGGCTTC 121 TTCCTGCGCA TCCACCCCGA CGGCCGCGTG GACGGCATCC GCGAGAAGAG CGACCCGAAC 181 ATTAAACTAC AACTTCAGGC AGAAGAGAGA GGAGTAGTGT CTATTAAAGG AGTATGTGCC 241 AACCGATATC TTGCCATGAA GGAGGATGGC AGATTATTGG CTTTGAAATA TGTGACCGAA 301 GAGTGTTTCT TTTTTGAACG TTTGGAGTCC AACAACTACA ACACTTATCG CTCAAGAAAA 361 TATTCCAATT GGTATGTGGC ACTGAAACGA ACGGGGCAGT ATAAGCTTGG ATCCAAGACT 421 GGCCCGGGGC AGAAAGCCAT CCTTTTCTCC CCATGTCTGC TAAGATGCTG A Microbat FGF2 gene coding sequence (1-96; partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 60 to 155) (SEQ ID NO: 207) (Ensembl accession no. ENSMLUT00000027717, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 GTCAAACTCC AACTTCAAGC AGAAGAGAGA GGGGTCGTGT CTATCAAAGG AGTGTGTGCC 61 AACCGCTATC TCGCTATGAA GGAGGACGGC CGGTTACAGG CTTCTAAATG TGTTACGGAT 121 GAGTGTTTCT TTTTTGAACG GTTGGAATCC AATAACTACA ACACTTACCG GTCAAGAAAG 181 TACTCCAGTT GGTATGTGGC ATTGAAGCGG AATGGGCAGT ATAAACTTGG ACCCAAAACA 241 GGACCTGGCC AGAAAGCCAT ACTTTTTCTT CCCATGTCTG CTAAGAGC Anole lizard FGF2 gene coding sequence (1-140; partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 16 to 155) (SEQ ID NO: 208) (Ensembl accession no. ENSACAT00000011897, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 GCGGCGGCGG CCTCTTTCCC CCCGGGCCCC TTCAAGGACC CCAAGCGCCT CTACTGCAAG 61 AACGGGGGCT TCTTCCTGCG GATCAACCCC GACGGCGGCG TGGACGGCGT CCGAGAGAAG 121 AGCGACCCCA ACATCAAATT GCTGCTCCAG GCAGAGGAGA GAGGTGTAGT GTCCATCAAA 181 GGTGTATGCG CAAACCGTTT CCTGGCTATG AATGAAGACG GTCGATTGTT AGCACTGAAA 241 TACGTAACAG ATGAATGCTT CTTTTTTGAA CGCTTGGAAT CTAATAATTA CAATACTTAT 301 CGGTCTCGTA AATACCGTGA TTGGTACATT GCACTGAAAC GAACTGGTCA GTACAAACTT 361 GGACCAAAAA CTGGACGAGG CCAGAAAGCT ATCCTTTTCC TTCCAATGTC TGCCAAAAGT Armadillo FGF2 gene coding sequence (124-217; partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF2 residues 1 to 94) (SEQ ID NO: 209) (Ensembl accession no. ENSDNOT00000014647, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 361          A TGGCAGCCGG GAGCATCACC ACGCTGCCCG CTCTGCCCGA GGACGGCGGC 421 AGCGGCGCCT TCCCGCCGGG CCACTTCAAG GACCCCAAGC GGCTGTACTG CAAAAACGGG 481 GGCTTCTTCC TGCGCATCCA TCCCGACGGC CGAGTGGACG GGGTCCGGGA GAAGAGCGAC 541 CCTAACATCA AACTACAACT TCAAGCAGAA GAGAGAGGGG TCGTGTCTAT CAAAGGCGTG 601 TGTGCGAACC GTTACCTTGC TATGCGGGAA GACGGAAGAC TCCAGGCGTC T Tree shrew FGF2 gene coding sequence (1-189) (SEQ ID NO: 210) (Ensembl accession no. ENSTBET00000001143, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 GCGGGGGTTA GAGCTGAGAG GGAGGAGGCA CCGGGGAGCG GTGACAGCCG GGGGACCGAT 61 CCCGCCGCGC GTTCGCTCAT CAGGAGGCCG GATGCTGCAG CGCGAGAGGC GCTTCTTGGA 121 GCCAGGAGCC GGGTTCAGGG CAGCTCCACC TCCTGGCCAG CCTCGTCACG AACCGGGATC 181 AAGTTGCCGG ACGACTCAGG TCAAGGAATG GGCGGCTATC CTCTGGACCG CCCGAGCCGG 241 AGCACAGGGC GAGGGCTGGG CGGTGCCCCG GACCCTGCCG TAAAACTACA GCTTCAAGCG 301 GAAGAGAGAG GGGTCGTGTC TATCAAAGGA GTGTGTGCAA ACCGTTACCT GGCCATGAAG 361 GAGGATGGGC GACTGCTGGC TTCTAAATGT GTTACAGATG AGTGTTTCTT TTTTGAACGA 421 CTGGAATCTA ATAACTACAA TACTTACCGG TCCCGAAAGT ACTCCAGCTG GTATGTGGCA 481 CTGAAACGAA CTGGGCAGTA TAAACTTGGA TCCAAAACAG GACCTGGGCA GAAAGCTATA 541 CTTTTTCTTC CAATGTCTGC TAAAAGC Western clawed frog FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-154) (SEQ ID NO: 211) (GenBank accession no. NM_001017333, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 171                                                        ATGGCAGCAG 181 GAAGCATCAC AACCCTACCA ACCGAATCTG AGGATGGAAA CACTCCTTTC CCACCGGGGA 241 ACTTTAAGGA CCCCAAGAGG CTCTACTGCA AGAATGGGGG CTACTTCCTC AGGATTAACT 301 CAGACGGGAG AGTGGACGGA TCAAGGGATA AAAGTGACTT ACACATAAAA TTACAGCTAC 361 AAGCAGTAGA GCGGGGAGTG GTATCAATAA AGGGAATCAC TGCAAATCGC TACCTTGCCA 421 TGAAGGAAGA TGGGAGATTA ACATCGCTGA AGTGTATAAC AGATGAATGC TTCTTTTATG 481 AACGATTGGA AGCTAATAAC TACAACACTT ACCGGTCTCG GAAAAACAAC AGCTGGTATG 541 TGGCACTAAA GCGAACTGGG CAGTATAAAA ATGGATCGAC CACTGGACCA GGACAAAAAG 601 CTATTTTGTT TCTCCCAATG TCAGCAAAAA GCTGA Coelacanth FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 212) (Ensembl accession no. ENSLACT00000019333, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1                       ATGGCTGCGG GAGGAATCAC TACCCTGCCG GCGGTACCTG 41 AGGATGGAGG CAGCAGCACC TTCCCTCCAG GAAACTTCAA GGAGCCCAAG AGACTTTACT 101 GTAAGAATGG AGGCTATTTC TTAAGGATAA ACCCCGATGG AAGAGTGGAT GGAACAAGGG 161 AGAAAAATGA TCCTTATATA AAATTACAAC TGCAAGCTGA ATCTATAGGA GTGGTGTCGA 221 TAAAGGGAGT TTGTTCAAAC CGTTACCTAG CGATGAATGA AGACTGTAGA CTTTTTGGAT 281 TGAAATATCC AACGGATGAA TGTTTCTTCC ATGAGAGGCT GGAGTCCAAC AACTACAATA 341 CTTATCGTTC AAAGAAGTAT TCGGATTGGT ATGTGGCGCT GAAACGGACT GGTCAGTACA 401 AACCTGGGCC AAAAACTGGA CTGGGACAAA AAGCAATCCT TTTCCTTCCG ATGTCTGCCA 461 AGAGTTGA Spotted green pufferfish FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 34-188) (SEQ ID NO: 213) (Ensembl accession no. ENSTNIT00000016254, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCCACGG GAGGGATCAC GACGCTTCCA TCCACACCTG AAGACGGCGG CAGCAGCGGC 61 TTTCCTCCCG GCAGCTTCAA GGATCCCAAA AGGCTCTACT GTAAAAACGG AGGTTTCTTC 121 CTGAGGATCA AGTCCGACGG GGTCGTGGAC GGAATCCGGG AGAAGAGTGA CCCCCACATA 181 AAGCTTCAGC TCCAGGCGAC CTCTGTGGGG GAGGTGGTCA TCAAGGGGGT GTGCGCTAAC 241 CGCTATCTGG CCATGAACAG AGATGGACGG CTGTTCGGAA CGAAACGAGC CACGGACGAA 301 TGCCATTTCT TAGAGCGGCT TGAGAGCAAC AACTACAACA CTTACCGCTC CAGGAAGTAC 361 CCAACCATGT TTGTGGGACT GACGCGGACG GGCCAGTACA AGTCTGGGAG CAAAACTGGA 421 CCGGGCCAAA AGGCCATCCT TTTTCTTCCG ATGTCCGCCA AATGCTAA Stickleback FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 214) (Ensembl accession no. ENSGACT00000022120, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1                    AT GGCCACGGCA GGCTTCGCGA CGCTTCCCTC CACGCCCGAA 43 GACGGCGGCA GCGGCGGCTT CACCCCCGGG GGATTCAAGG ATCCCAAGAG GCTGTACTGC 103 AAAAACGGGG GCTTCTTCTT GAGGATCAGG TCCGACGGAG GTGTAGATGG AATCAGGGAG 163 AAGAGCGACG CCCACATAAA GCTCCAAATC CAGGCGACGT CGGTGGGGGA GGTGGTCATC 223 AAAGGAGTCT GTGCCAACCG CTATCTGGCC ATGAACAGAG ACGGCCGGCT GTTCGGAGTG 283 AGACGGGCGA CGGACGAATG CTACTTCCTG GAGCGGCTGG AGAGTAACAA CTACAACACC 343 TACCGCTCCA GGAAGTACCC CGGCATGTAC GTGGCTCTGA AGCGGACCGG CCAGTACAAG 403 TCCGGGAGCA AAACCGGACC CGGTCAAAAG GCCATTCTGT TCCTCCCCAT GTCGGCTAAG 463 TGCTAA Fugu rubripes FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 215) (Ensembl accession no. ENSTRUT00000022363, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 127       ATGG CCACGGGAGG GATCACAACA CTTCCATCCA CACCTGAAGA CGGCGGCAGC 181 GGCGGTTTTC CTCCCGGGAG CTTCAAGGAT CCCAAAAGGC TGTACTGTAA AAACGGCGGC 241 TTCTTCCTGA GGATCAGGTC CGACGGGGCC GTGGACGGAA CCCGGGAGAA GACTGACCCC 301 CACATAAAGC TTCAGCTCCA GGCGACCTCT GTGGGGGAGG TGGTCATCAA GGGGGTTTGT 361 GCTAATCGTT ATCTGGCCAT GAACAGAGAT GGACGACTGT TTGGAATGAA ACGAGCGACG 421 GATGAATGCC ACTTCTTAGA GCGGCTCGAG AGCAACAACT ACAACACCTA CCGCTCCAGG 481 AAGTACCCCA ACATGTTTGT GGGACTGACG CGAACTGGCA ACTACAAGTC TGGGACTAAA 541 ACTGGACCGG GCCAAAAGGC CATCCTCTTT CTTCCGATGT CGGCCAAATA CTAA Rainbow trout FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 216) (GenBank accession no. NM_001124536, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 390                                A TGGCCACAGG AGAAATCACC ACTCTACCCG 421 CCACACCTGA AGATGGAGGC AGTGGCGGCT TCCTTCCAGG AAACTTTAAG GAGCCCAAGA 481 GGTTGTACTG TAAAAATGGA GGCTACTTCT TGAGGATAAA CTCTAACGGA AGCGTGGACG 541 GGATCAGAGA TAAGAACGAC CCCCACAATA AGCTTCAACT CCAGGCGACC TCAGTGGGGG 601 AAGTAGTAAT CAAAGGGGTC TCAGCCAACC GCTATCTGGC CATGAATGCA GATGGAAGAC 661 TGTTTGGACC GAGACGGACA ACAGATGAAT GCTACTTCAT GGAGAGGCTG GAGAGTAACA 721 ACTACAACAC CTACCGCTCT CGAAAGTACC CTGAAATGTA TGTGGCACTG AAAAGGACTG 781 GCCAGTACAA GTCAGGATCC AAAACTGGAC CCGGCCAAAA AGCCATCCTC TTCCTCCCCA 841 TGTCAGCCAG ACGCTGA Salmon FGF2 gene coding sequence (1-150) (SEQ ID NO: 217) (GenBank accession no. EU816603, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 99402                                              ATGGCCACA GGAGAAATCA 99421 CCACTCTACC CGCCACACCT GAAGATGGAG GCAGTGGCGG CTTCCCTCCA GGAAACTTTA 99481 AGGATCCCAA GAGGCTGTAC TGTAAAAACG GGGGCTACTT CTTGAGAATA AACTCTAATG 99541 GAAGCGTGGA CGGGATCCGA GAGAAGAACG ACCCCCACA 100968                                                    AAC AGCCTCAATT 100981 TGTCAGGGCA TGGACTCTTC AAGGTGTCAA ACGTTCCACA GGGATGCTGG CCCATGTTGA 101041 CTCCAACGCT TCCCACAATT GTGTCAAGGT GGCTGGATGT TCTTTGGGAG 101845                           AATTTG GCAGTATGTC CAACCGGCCT CATAACCGCA 101881 GACCACGTGT AGCTACACCA GCCCAGGACC TCCACATCCG GCTTCTTCAT CTACGGGATC 101941 GTCTGAAACC AGCCACCCGA ACAGCTGATA AAACTGAGGA GTATTTCTGT CTGTAA Zebrafish FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-154) (SEQ ID NO: 218) (GenBank accession no. AY269790, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 43                                               ATGGCCAC CGGAGGGATC 61 ACCACACTCC CGGCCGCTCC GGACGCCGAA AACAGCAGCT TTCCCGCGGG CAGCTTCAGG 121 GATCCCAAGC GCCTGTACTG CAAAAACGGA GGATTCTTCC TGCGGATCAA CGCGGACGGC 181 CGAGTGGACG GAGCCCGAGA CAAGAGCGAC CCGCACATTC GTCTGCAGCT GCAGGCGACG 241 GCAGTGGGTG AAGTACTCAT TAAAGGCATC TGTACCAACC GTTTCCTTGC CATGAACGCA 301 GACGGACGAC TGTTCGGGAC GAAAAGGACC ACAGATGAAT GTTATTTCCT GGAGCGCCTG 361 GAGTCCAACA ACTACAACAC ATACAGATCC CGCAAGTATC CCGACTGGTA CGTGGCTCTG 421 AAGAGAACCG GCCAGTATAA AAGCGGCTCT AAAACCAGCC CGGGACAGAA GGCCATCCTG 481 TTTCTGCCCA TGTCGGCCAA ATGCTGA Nile tilapia FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 219) (GenBank accession no. XM_003443364, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCCACGG GAGGAATCAC AACACTTCCC GCTACACCTG AAGACGGCGG CAGCAGCGGC 61 TTTCCTCCTG GGAACTTCAA GGACCCTAAA AGGCTGTACT GTAAAAATGG TGGCTTCTTC 121 TTGAGGATAA AATCTGATGG AGGAGTGGAT GGAATACGAG AGAAAAACGA CCCCCACATA 181 AAGCTTCAAC TCCAGGCGAC CTCAGTGGGA GAAGTGGTCA TCAAAGGGAT TTGTGCAAAC 241 CGATATCTGG CAATGAACAG AGATGGACGA CTGTTTGGAG CGAGAAGAGC AACAGATGAG 301 TGCTACTTCT TAGAGCGGCT CGAGAGCAAC AACTACAACA CCTACCGCTC CAGGAAGTAC 361 CCAAACATGT ACGTGGCGCT GAAGCGGACT GGCCAGTACA AGTCTGGAAG CAAAACTGGA 421 CCGGGTCAAA AGGCAATTCT CTTTCTCCCA ATGTCTGCTA AATGCTAA Medaka FGF2 gene coding sequence (aa 1-155) (SEQ ID NO: 220) (Ensembl accession no. ENSORLT00000025835, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCTACGG GAGAAATCAC AACACTTCCC TCCCCAGCTG AAAACAGCAG AAGCGATGGC 61 TTTCCTCCAG GGAACTACAA GGATCCTAAG AGGCTCTACT GTAAAAATGG AGGTTTGTTT 121 TTGAGGATTA AACCTGATGG AGGAGTGGAT GGAATCCGGG AAAAAAAAGA TCCCCACGTT 181 AAGCTTCGCC TTCAGGCTAC CTCAGCGGGA GAGGTGGTGA TCAAAGGAGT TTGTTCAAAC 241 AGATATCTGG CGATGCATGG AGATGGACGT CTATTTGGAG TGAGACAAGC AACAGAGGAA 301 TGCTACTTCT TGGAGCGACT AGAGAGCAAC AACTATAACA CCTATCGCTC TAAAAAGTAC 361 CCAAACATGT ACGTGGCACT GAAGCGGACA GGCCAGTACA AACCTGGAAA CAAAACTGGA 421 CCAGGTCAAA AGGCCATTCT CTTTCTGCCT ATGTCTGCCA AGTACTAA

As noted above, also encompassed within the present invention are portions of paracrine FGFs other than FGF1 and/or FGF2 (e.g., FGF4, FGF5, FGF6, FGF9, FGF16, and FGF20). The portion of the paracrine FGF may be from human FGF4, FGF5, FGF6, FGF9, FGF16, and/or FGF20 having the amino acid sequences shown in Table 5, or orthologs thereof.

TABLE 5 Amino acid sequence of human FGF4(SEQ ID NO: 221) (GenBank accession no. NP_001998, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MSGPGTAAVA LLPAVLLALL APWAGRGGAA APTAPNGTLE AELERRWESL VALSLARLPV 61 AAQPKEAAVQ SGAGDYLLGI KRLRRLYCNV GIGFHLQALP DGRIGGAHAD TRDSLLELSP 121 VERGVVSIFG VASRFFVAMS SKGKLYGSPF FTDECTFKEI LLPNNYNAYE SYKYPGMFIA 181 LSKNGKTKKG NRVSPTMKVT HFLPRL Amino acid sequence of human FGF5(SEQ ID NO: 222) (GenBank Accession No. NP_004455, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MSLSFLLLLF FSHLILSAWA HGEKRLAPKG QPGPAATDRN PRGSSSRQSS SSAMSSSSAS 61 SSPAASLGSQ GSGLEQSSFQ WSPSGRRTGS LYCRVGIGFH LQIYPDGKVN GSHEANMLSV 121 LEIFAVSQGI VGIRGVFSNK FLAMSKKGKL HASAKFTDDC KFRERFQENS YNTYASAIHR 181 TEKTGREWYV ALNKRGKAKR GCSPRVKPQH ISTHFLPRFK QSEQPELSFT VTVPEKKKPP 241 SPIKPKIPLS APRKNTNSVK YRLKFRFG Amino acid sequence of human FGF6(SEQ ID NO: 223) (NP_066276, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MALGQKLFIT MSRGAGRLQG TLWALVFLGI LVGMVVPSPA GTRANNTLLD SRGWGTLLSR 61 SRAGLAGEIA GVNWESGYLV GIKRQRRLYC NVGIGFHLQV LPDGRISGTH EENPYSLLEI 121 STVERGVVSL FGVRSALFVA MNSKGRLYAT PSFQEECKFR ETLLPNNYNA YESDLYQGTY 181 IALSKYGRVK RGSKVSPIMT VTHFLPRI Amino acid sequence of human FGF9(SEQ ID NO: 224) (GenBank accession no. NP_002001, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAPLGEVGNY FGVQDAVPFG NVPVLPVDSP VLLSDHLGQS EAGGLPRGPA VTDLDHLKGI 61 LRRRQLYCRT GFHLEIFPNG TIQGTRKDHS RFGILEFISI AVGLVSIRGV DSGLYLGMNE 121 KGELYGSEKL TQECVFREQF EENWYNTYSS NLYKHVDTGR RYYVALNKDG TPREGTRTKR 181 HQKFTHFLPR PVDPDKVPEL YKDILSQS Amino acid sequence of human FGF16(SEQ ID NO: 225) (GenBank accession no. NP_003859, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAEVGGVFAS LDWDLHGFSS SLGNVPLADS PGFLNERLGQ IEGKLQRGSP TDFAHLKGIL 61 RRRQLYCRTG FHLEIFPNGT VHGTRHDHSR FGILEFISLA VGLISIRGVD SGLYLGMNER 121 GELYGSKKLT RECVFREQFE ENWYNTYAST LYKHSDSERQ YYVALNKDGS PREGYRTKRH 181 QKFTHFLPRP VDPSKLPSMS RDLFHYR Amino acid sequence of human FGF20(SEQ ID NO: 226) (GenBank accession no. NP_062825, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 MAPLAEVGGF LGGLEGLGQQ VGSHFLLPPA GERPPLLGER RSAAERSARG GPGAAQLAHL 61 HGILRRRQLY CRTGFHLQIL PDGSVQGTRQ DHSLFGILEF ISVAVGLVSI RGVDSGLYLG 121 MNDKGELYGS EKLTSECIFR EQFEENWYNT YSSNIYKHGD TGRRYFVALN KDGTPRDGAR 181 SKRHQKFTHF LPRPVDPERV PELYKDLLMY T

It will be understood that the portion of the paracrine FGF according to the present invention may be derived from a nucleotide sequence that encodes human FGF4, FGF5, FGF6, FGF9, FGF16, and/or FGF20 having the nucleotide sequences shown in Table 6, or orthologs thereof.

TABLE 6 Human FGF4 gene coding sequence (1-206) (SEQ ID NO: 227) (GenBank accession no. NM_002007, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 320                     A TGTCGGGGCC CGGGACGGCC GCGGTAGCGC TGCTCCCGGC 361 GGTCCTGCTG GCCTTGCTGG CGCCCTGGGC GGGCCGAGGG GGCGCCGCCG CACCCACTGC 421 ACCCAACGGC ACGCTGGAGG CCGAGCTGGA GCGCCGCTGG GAGAGCCTGG TGGCGCTCTC 481 GTTGGCGCGC CTGCCGGTGG CAGCGCAGCC CAAGGAGGCG GCCGTCCAGA GCGGCGCCGG 541 CGACTACCTG CTGGGCATCA AGCGGCTGCG GCGGCTCTAC TGCAACGTGG GCATCGGCTT 601 CCACCTCCAG GCGCTCCCCG ACGGCCGCAT CGGCGGCGCG CACGCGGACA CCCGCGACAG 661 CCTGCTGGAG CTCTCGCCCG TGGAGCGGGG CGTGGTGAGC ATCTTCGGCG TGGCCAGCCG 721 GTTCTTCGTG GCCATGAGCA GCAAGGGCAA GCTCTATGGC TCGCCCTTCT TCACCGATGA 781 GTGCACGTTC AAGGAGATTC TCCTTCCCAA CAACTACAAC GCCTACGAGT CCTACAAGTA 841 CCCCGGCATG TTCATCGCCC TGAGCAAGAA TGGGAAGACC AAGAAGGGGA ACCGAGTGTC 901 GCCCACCATG AAGGTCACCC ACTTCCTCCC CAGGCTGTGA Human FGF5 gene coding sequence (1-268) (SEQ ID NO: 228) (GenBank Accession No. NM_004464, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 238                                                               ATG 241 AGCTTGTCCT TCCTCCTCCT CCTCTTCTTC AGCCACCTGA TCCTCAGCGC CTGGGCTCAC 301 GGGGAGAAGC GTCTCGCCCC CAAAGGGCAA CCCGGACCCG CTGCCACTGA TAGGAACCCT 361 AGAGGCTCCA GCAGCAGACA GAGCAGCAGT AGCGCTATGT CTTCCTCTTC TGCCTCCTCC 421 TCCCCCGCAG CTTCTCTGGG CAGCCAAGGA AGTGGCTTGG AGCAGAGCAG TTTCCAGTGG 481 AGCCCCTCGG GGCGCCGGAC CGGCAGCCTC TACTGCAGAG TGGGCATCGG TTTCCATCTG 541 CAGATCTACC CGGATGGCAA AGTCAATGGA TCCCACGAAG CCAATATGTT AAGTGTTTTG 601 GAAATATTTG CTGTGTCTCA GGGGATTGTA GGAATACGAG GAGTTTTCAG CAACAAATTT 661 TTAGCGATGT CAAAAAAAGG AAAACTCCAT GCAAGTGCCA AGTTCACAGA TGACTGCAAG 721 TTCAGGGAGC GTTTTCAAGA AAATAGCTAT AATACCTATG CCTCAGCAAT ACATAGAACT 781 GAAAAAACAG GGCGGGAGTG GTATGTGGCC CTGAATAAAA GAGGAAAAGC CAAACGAGGG 841 TGCAGCCCCC GGGTTAAACC CCAGCATATC TCTACCCATT TTCTGCCAAG ATTCAAGCAG 901 TCGGAGCAGC CAGAACTTTC TTTCACGGTT ACTGTTCCTG AAAAGAAAAA GCCACCTAGC 961 CCTATCAAGC CAAAGATTCC CCTTTCTGCA CCTCGGAAAA ATACCAACTC AGTGAAATAC 1021 AGACTCAAGT TTCGCTTTGG ATAA Human FGF6 gene coding sequence (1-208) (SEQ ID NO: 229) (NM_020996, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 45                                                 ATGGCC CTGGGACAGA 61 AACTGTTCAT CACTATGTCC CGGGGAGCAG GACGTCTGCA GGGCACGCTG TGGGCTCTCG 121 TCTTCCTAGG CATCCTAGTG GGCATGGTGG TGCCCTCGCC TGCAGGCACC CGTGCCAACA 181 ACACGCTGCT GGACTCGAGG GGCTGGGGCA CCCTGCTGTC CAGGTCTCGC GCGGGGCTAG 241 CTGGAGAGAT TGCCGGGGTG AACTGGGAAA GTGGCTATTT GGTGGGGATC AAGCGGCAGC 301 GGAGGCTCTA CTGCAACGTG GGCATCGGCT TTCACCTCCA GGTGCTCCCC GACGGCCGGA 361 TCAGCGGGAC CCACGAGGAG AACCCCTACA GCCTGCTGGA AATTTCCACT GTGGAGCGAG 421 GCGTGGTGAG TCTCTTTGGA GTGAGAAGTG CCCTCTTCGT TGCCATGAAC AGTAAAGGAA 481 GATTGTACGC AACGCCCAGC TTCCAAGAAG AATGCAAGTT CAGAGAAACC CTCCTGCCCA 541 ACAATTACAA TGCCTACGAG TCAGACTTGT ACCAAGGGAC CTACATTGCC CTGAGCAAAT 601 ACGGACGGGT AAAGCGGGGC AGCAAGGTGT CCCCGATCAT GACTGTCACT CATTTCCTTC 661 CCAGGATCTA A Human FGF9 gene coding sequence (1-208)(SEQ ID NO: 230) (GenBank accession no. NM_002010, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 838                                                               ATG 841 GCTCCCTTAG GTGAAGTTGG GAACTATTTC GGTGTGCAGG ATGCGGTACC GTTTGGGAAT 901 GTGCCCGTGT TGCCGGTGGA CAGCCCGGTT TTGTTAAGTG ACCACCTGGG TCAGTCCGAA 961 GCAGGGGGGC TCCCCAGGGG ACCCGCAGTC ACGGACTTGG ATCATTTAAA GGGGATTCTC 1021 AGGCGGAGGC AGCTATACTG CAGGACTGGA TTTCACTTAG AAATCTTCCC CAATGGTACT 1081 ATCCAGGGAA CCAGGAAAGA CCACAGCCGA TTTGGCATTC TGGAATTTAT CAGTATAGCA 1141 GTGGGCCTGG TCAGCATTCG AGGCGTGGAC AGTGGACTCT ACCTCGGGAT GAATGAGAAG 1201 GGGGAGCTGT ATGGATCAGA AAAACTAACC CAAGAGTGTG TATTCAGAGA ACAGTTCGAA 1261 GAAAACTGGT ATAATACGTA CTCATCAAAC CTATATAAGC ACGTGGACAC TGGAAGGCGA 1321 TACTATGTTG CATTAAATAA AGATGGGACC CCGAGAGAAG GGACTAGGAC TAAACGGCAC 1381 CAGAAATTCA CACATTTTTT ACCTAGACCA GTGGACCCCG ACAAAGTACC TGAACTGTAT 1441 AAGGATATTC TAAGCCAAAG TTGA Human FGF16 gene coding sequence (1-207) (SEQ ID NO: 231) (GenBank accession no. NM_003868, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 1 ATGGCAGAGG TGGGGGGCGT CTTCGCCTCC TTGGACTGGG ATCTACACGG CTTCTCCTCG 61 TCTCTGGGGA ACGTGCCCTT AGCTGACTCC CCAGGTTTCC TGAACGAGCG CCTGGGCCAA 121 ATCGAGGGGA AGCTGCAGCG TGGCTCACCC ACAGACTTCG CCCACCTGAA GGGGATCCTG 181 CGGCGCCGCC AGCTCTACTG CCGCACCGGC TTCCACCTGG AGATCTTCCC CAACGGCACG 241 GTGCACGGGA CCCGCCACGA CCACAGCCGC TTCGGAATCC TGGAGTTTAT CAGCCTGGCT 301 GTGGGGCTGA TCAGCATCCG GGGAGTGGAC TCTGGCCTGT ACCTAGGAAT GAATGAGCGA 361 GGAGAACTCT ATGGGTCGAA GAAACTCACA CGTGAATGTG TTTTCCGGGA ACAGTTTGAA 421 GAAAACTGGT ACAACACCTA TGCCTCAACC TTGTACAAAC ATTCGGACTC AGAGAGACAG 481 TATTACGTGG CCCTGAACAA AGATGGCTCA CCCCGGGAGG GATACAGGAC TAAACGACAC 541 CAGAAATTCA CTCACTTTTT ACCCAGGCCT GTAGATCCTT CTAAGTTGCC CTCCATGTCC 601 AGAGACCTCT TTCACTATAG GTAA Human FGF20 gene coding sequence (1-211) (SEQ ID NO: 232) (GenBank accession no. NM_019851, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety): 134               ATGGCTC CCTTAGCCGA AGTCGGGGGC TTTCTGGGCG GCCTGGAGGG 181 CTTGGGCCAG CAGGTGGGTT CGCATTTCCT GTTGCCTCCT GCCGGGGAGC GGCCGCCGCT 241 GCTGGGCGAG CGCAGGAGCG CGGCGGAGCG GAGCGCGCGC GGCGGGCCGG GGGCTGCGCA 301 GCTGGCGCAC CTGCACGGCA TCCTGCGCCG CCGGCAGCTC TATTGCCGCA CCGGCTTCCA 361 CCTGCAGATC CTGCCCGACG GCAGCGTGCA GGGCACCCGG CAGGACCACA GCCTCTTCGG 421 TATCTTGGAA TTCATCAGTG TGGCAGTGGG ACTGGTCAGT ATTAGAGGTG TGGACAGTGG 481 TCTCTATCTT GGAATGAATG ACAAAGGAGA ACTCTATGGA TCAGAGAAAC TTACTTCCGA 541 ATGCATCTTT AGGGAGCAGT TTGAAGAGAA CTGGTATAAC ACCTATTCAT CTAACATATA 601 TAAACATGGA GACACTGGCC GCAGGTATTT TGTGGCACTT AACAAAGACG GAACTCCAAG 661 AGATGGCGCC AGGTCCAAGA GGCATCAGAA ATTTACACAT TTCTTACCTA GACCAGTGGA 721 TCCAGAAAGA GTTCCAGAAT TGTACAAGGA CCTACTGATG TACACTTGA

As noted above, the chimeric protein includes a portion of a paracrine FGF coupled to a C-terminal region derived from an FGF19. FGF19 has been shown to target and have effects on both adipocytes and hepatocytes. For example, mice harboring a FGF19 transgene, despite being on a high-fat diet, show increased metabolic rates, increased lipid oxidation, a lower respiratory quotient and weight loss. Moreover, such mice showed lower serum levels of leptin, insulin, cholesterol and triglycerides, and normal levels of blood glucose despite the high-fat diet and without appetite diminishment (Tomlinson et al., “Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Fibroblast Growth Factor-19 Display Increased Metabolic Rate and Decreased Adiposity,” Endocrinology 143(5), 1741-1747 (2002), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Obese mice that lacked leptin but harbored a FGF19 transgene showed weight loss, lowered cholesterol and triglycerides, and did not develop diabetes. Obese, diabetic mice that lacked leptin, when injected with recombinant human FGF19, showed reversal of their metabolic characteristics in the form of weight loss and lowered blood glucose (Fu et al., “Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 Increases Metabolic Rate and Reverses Dietary and Leptin-deficient Diabetes,” Endocrinology 145(6), 2594-2603 (2004), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

In one embodiment of the present invention, FGF19 is human FGF19 and has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 233 (GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)005108, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), or a portion thereof, as follows:

1 MRSGCVVVHV WILAGLWLAV AGRPLAFSDA GPHVHYGWGD PIRLRHLYTS GPHGLSSCFL 61 RIRADGVVDC ARGQSAHSLL EIKAVALRTV AIKGVHSVRY LCMGADGKMQ GLLQYSEEDC 121 AFEEEIRPDG YNVYRSEKHR LPVSLSSAKQ RQLYKNRGFL PLSHFLPMLP MVPEEPEDLR 181 GHLESDMFSS PLETDSMDPF GLVTGLEAVR SPSFEK

In one embodiment, the C-terminal portion of FGF19 of the chimeric protein of the present invention does not include any of residues 1 to 168 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the chimeric protein of the present invention does not include residues corresponding to residues spanning residues 1 to 168 of SEQ ID NO:1. In one embodiment, the C-terminal portion of FGF19 begins at a residue corresponding to any one of residues 169, 197, or 204 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In another embodiment, the C-terminal portion of FGF19 of the chimeric protein of the present invention comprises an amino acid sequence spanning residues corresponding to residues selected from the group consisting of from position 204 to 216 of SEQ ID NO: 1, from position 197 to 216 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and from position 169 to 216 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In yet another embodiment, the C-terminal portion of FGF19 of the chimeric protein of the present invention comprises an amino acid sequence spanning residues of SEQ ID NO:1, which correspond to residues 191 to 206 or 191 to 209 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In one embodiment of the present invention, FGF19 or a portion thereof is from a mammalian FGF19. In one embodiment of the present invention, FGF19 or a portion thereof is from a vertebrate FGF19. In one embodiment, FGF19 or a portion thereof is from a non-human vertebrate FGF19. It will be understood that this includes orthologs of human FGF19, or a polypeptide or protein obtained from one species that is the functional counterpart of a polypeptide or protein from a different species. In one embodiment, the C-terminal portion of FGF19 of the chimeric protein of the present invention is from human FGF19. In one embodiment of the present invention, the C-terminal portion of FGF19 is from an ortholog of human FGF19 from gorilla gorilla, pan troglodytes, macaca mulatta, pongo abelii, nomascus leucogenys, callithrix jacchus, microcebus murinus, choloepus hoffmanni, ailuropoda melanoleuca, sus scrofa, bos taurus, canis lupus familiaris, oryctolagus, pteropus vampyrus, tursiops truncates, myotis lucifugus, ornithorhynchus anatinus, monodelphis domestica, anolis carolinensis, ochotona princeps, cavia porcellus, tupaia belangeri, rattus norvegicus, mus musculus, gallus gallus, taeniopygia guttata, danio rerio, xenopus (siluran) tropicalis, otolemur garnettii, felis catus, pelodiscus sinensis, latimeria chalumnae, mustela putorius furo, takifugu rubripes, equus caballus, oryzias latipes, xiphophorus maculatus, ictidomys tridecemlineatus, gasterosteus aculeatus, oreochromis niloticus, meleagris gallopavo, papio anubis, saimiri boliviensis boliviensis, pteropus alecto, myotis davidii, tupaia chinensis, or heterocephalus glaber.

In other embodiments of the present invention, the portion of FGF19 of the chimeric protein of the present invention is from an ortholog of human FGF19 having an amino acid sequence as shown in Table 7. The portions of an ortholog of human FGF19 of a chimeric protein according to the present invention include portions corresponding to the above-identified amino acid sequences of human FGF19. Corresponding portions may be determined by, for example, sequence analysis and structural analysis. The high degree of FGF19 sequence conservation among orthologs is shown in FIG. 12.

TABLE 7 Gorilla gorilla (gorilla) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSGGOP00000021055, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 234) 1 MRSGCVVVHV WILAGLWLAV AGRPLAFSDA GPHVHYGWGD PIRLRHLYTS GPHGLSSCFL 61 RIRADGVVDC ARGQSAHSLL EIKAVALRTV AIKGVHSVRY LCMGADGKMQ GLLQYSEEDC 121 AFEEEIRPDG YNVYRSEKHR LPVSLSSAKQ RQLYKNRGFL PLSHFLPMLP MVPEEPEDLR 181 GHLESDMFSS PLETDSMDPF GLVTGLEAVR SPSFEK Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSPTRP00000006877, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 235) 1 MRNGCVVVHV WILAGLWLAV AGRPLAFSDA GRHVHYCWGD PIPLRHLYTS GPHGLSSCFL 61 RIPANCVMNC ARGQSAHSLL EIKAVALRTV AIKGVHSVRY LCMGADGKMQ GLLQYSEEDC 121 AFEEEIRPDG YNVYRSEKHR LPVSLSSAKQ RQLYKNRGFL PLSHFLPMLP MVPEEPEDLR 181 GHLESDMFSS PLETDSMDPF GLVTGLEAVR SPSFEK Macaca mulatta (Rhesus monkey) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. XP_001100825, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 236) 1 MRSGCVVVHA WILASLWLAV AGRPLAFSDA GPHVHYGWGD PIRLRHLYTS GPHGLSSCFL 61 RIRTDGVVDC ARGQSAHSLL EIKAVALRTV AIKGVHSVRY LCMGADGKMQ GLLQYSEEDC 121 AFEEEIRPDG YNVYRSEKHR LPVSLSSAKQ RQLYKNRGFL PLSHFLPMLP MAPEEPEDLR 181 GHLESDMFSS PLETDSMDPF GLVTGLEAVR SPSFEK Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutan) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. XP_002821459, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 237) 1 MRSGCVVVHA WILAGLWLAV AGRPLAFSDS GPHVHYGWGD PIRLRHLYTS GPHGLSSCFL 61 RIRADGVVDC ARGQSAHSLL EIKAVALRTV AIKGVHSVRY LCMGADGKMQ GLLQYSEEDC 121 AFEEEIRPDG YNVYRSEKHR LPVSLSSAKQ RQLYKNRGFL PLSHFLPMLP MVPEEPEDLR 181 RHLESDMFSS PLETDSMDPF GLVTGLEAVR SPSFEK Nomascus leucogenys (Northern white-cheeked gibbon) FGF19 (Genbank Accession No. XP_003278071, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 238) 1 MRSECVVVHA WILAGLWLAV AGRPLAFSDA GPHVHYGWGD PIRLRHLYTS GPHGLSSCFL 61 RIRADGVVDC ARGQSAHSLL EIKAVALRTV AIKGVHSVRY LCMGADGKMQ GLLQYSEEDC 121 AFEEEIRPDG YNVYRSEKHR LPVSLSSAKQ RQLYKNRGFL PLSHFLPMLP MVPEEPEDLR 181 GHLESDMFSS PLETDSMDPF GLVTGLEAVR SPSFEK Callithrix jacchus (white-tufted-ear marmoset) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. XP_002763730, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 239) 1 MWKATAGGQQ GQSEAQMSTC PHVPRPLWIA QSCLFSLQLQ YSEEDCAFEE EIRPDGYNVY 61 WSEKHRLPVS LSSAKQRQLY KKRGFLPLSH FLPMLPIAPE EPEDLRGHLE SDVFSSPLET 121 DSMDPFGLVT GLEAVNSPSF EK Microcebus murinus (mouse lemur) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSMICP00000002788, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 240) 1 MPSGQSGCVA ARALILAGLW LTAAGRPLAF SDAGPHVHYG WGEPIRLRHL YTAGPHGLSS 61 CFLRIRADGS VDCARGQSAH SLLEIRAVAL RTVAIKGVHS VRYLCMGADG RMQGLLRYSE 121 EDCAFEEEIR PDGYNVYRSE KHRLPVSLSS ARQRQLYKGR GFLPLSHFLP MLPVTPAETG 181 DLRDHLESDM FASPLETDSM DPFGIATRLG VVKSPSFQK Choloepus hoffmanni (sloth) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSCHOP00000002044, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 241) (partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF19 residues 79 to 216) 1 LLEMKAVALR AVAIKGVHSA LYLCMNADGS LHGLPRYSAE DCAFEEEIRP DGYNVYWSRK 61 HGLPVSLSSA KQRQLYKGRG FLPLSHFLPM LPMTPAEPAD PGDDVESDMF SSPLETDSMD 121 PFGIASRLEL VNSPSFQT Ailuropoda melanoleuca (giant panda) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. XP_002927952, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 242) (partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF19 residues 12 to 216) 124    VLAGLCL AVAGRPLAFS DAGPHVHYGW GEPIRLRHLY TAGPHGLSSC FLRIRADGGV 181 DCARGQSAHS LVEIRAVALR TVAIKGVHSV RYLCMGADGR MQGLPQYSAG DCAFEEEIRP 241 DGYNVYRSKK HRLPVSLSGA KQRQLYKDRG FLPLSHFLPM LPGSPAEPRD LQDHAESDGF 301 SAPLETDSMD PFGIATKMGL VKSPSFQK Sus scrofa (pig) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSSSCP00000013682, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 243) 1 MRSAPSRCAV VRALVLAGLW LAAAGRPLAF SDAGPHVHYG WGESVRLRHL YTASPHGVSS 61 CFLRIHSDGP VDCAPGQSAH SLMEIRAVAL STVAIKGERS RYLCMGADGK MQGQTQYSDE 121 DCAFEEEIRP DGYNVYWSKK HHLPVSLSSA RQRQLYKGRG FLPLSHFLPM LSTLPAEPED 181 LQDPFKSDLF SLPLETDSMD PFRIAAKLGA VKSPSFYK Bos taurus (bovine) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. XP_599739, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 244) 136                 MRSAP SRCAVARALV LAGLWLAAAG RPLAFSDAGP HVHYGWGESV 181 RLRHLYTAGP QGLYSCFLRI HSDGAVDCAQ VQSAHSLMEI RAVALSTVAI KGERSVLYLC 241 MDADGKMQGL TQYSAEDCAF EEEIRPDGYN VYWSRKHHLP VSLSSSRQRQ LFKSRGFLPL 301 SHFLPMLSTI PAEPEDLQEP LKPDFFLPLK TDSMDPFGLA TKLGSVKSPS FYN Canis lupus familiaris (dog) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. XP_540802, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 245) (partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF19 residues 25 to 216) 1 LAFSDAGPHV HSFWGEPIRL RHLYTAGPHG LSSCFLRIRA DGGVDCARGQ SAHSLMEMRA 61 VALRTVAIKG VHSGRYLCMG ADGRMQGLPQ YSAGDCTFEE EIRPDGYNVY WSKKHHLPIS 121 LSSAKQRQLY KGRGFLPLSH FLPILPGSPT EPRDLEDHVE SDGFSASLET DSMDPFGIAT 181 KIGLVKSPSF QK Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. XP_002724495, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 246) 1 MRRAPSGGAA ARALVLAGLW LAAAARPLAL SDAGPHLHYG WGEPVRLRHL YATSAHGVSH 61 CFLRIRADGA VDCERSQSAH SLLEIRAVAL RTVAFKGVHS SRYLCMGADG RMRGQLQYSE 121 EDCAFQEEIS SGYNVYRSTT HHLPVSLSSA KQRHLYKTRG FLPLSHFLPV LPLASEETAA 181 LGDHPEADLF SPPLETDSMD PFGMATKLGP VKSPSFQK Pteropus vampyrus (megabat) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSPVAP00000009339, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 247) 1 MRSPCAVARA LVLAGLWLAS AAGPLALSDA GPHVHYGWGE AIRLRHLYTA GPHGPSSCFL 61 RIRADGAVDC ARGQSAHSLV EIRAVALRNV AIKGVHSVRY LCMGADGRML GLLQYSADDC 121 AFEEEIRPDG YNVYHSKKHH LPVSLSSAKQ RQLYKDRGFL PLSHFLPMLP RSPTEPENFE 181 DHLEADTFSS LETDDMDPFG IASKLGLEES PSFQK Tursiops truncatus (dolphin) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSTTRP00000000061, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 248) 1 MRSAPSRCAV ARALVLAGLW LAAAGRPLAF SDAGPHVHYG WGESVRLRHL YTAGPQGLSS 61 CFLRIHSDGA VDCAPVQSAH SLMEIRAVAL STVAIKGERS VLYLCMGADG KMQGLSQYSA 121 EDCAFEEEIR PDGYNVYWSK KHHLPVSLSS ARQRQLFKGR GFLPLSHFLP MLSTIPTEPD 181 EIQDHLKPDL FALPLKTDSM DPFGLATKLG VVKSPSFYK Myotis lucifugus (microbat) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSMLUP00000002279, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 249) 1 MQSAWSRRVV ARALVLASLG LASAGGPLGL SDAGPHVHYG WGESIRLRHL YTSGPHGPSS 61 CFLRIRADGA VDCARGQSAH SLVEIRAVAL RKVAIKGVHS ALYLCMGGDG RMLGLPQFSP 121 EDCAFEEEIR PDGYNVYRSQ KHQLPVSLSS ARQRQLFKAR GFLPLSHFLP MLPSSPAGPV 181 PRERPSEPDE FSSPLETDSM DPFGIANNLR LVRSPSFQE Ornithorhynchus anatinus (platypus) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. XP_001506714, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety)(SEQ ID NO: 250) (partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF19 residues 79 to 216) 1 MLSCVVLPSL LEIKAVAVRT VAIKGVHISR YLCMEEDGKT PWARLLEIKA VAVRTVAIKG 61 VHSSRYLCME EDGKLHGQIW YSAEDCAFEE EIRPDGYNVY KSKKYGVPVS LSSAKQRQQF 121 KGRDFLPLSR FLPMINTVPV EPAEFGDYAD YFESDIFSSP LETDSMDPFR IAPKLSPVKS 181 PSFQK Monodelphis domestica (opossum) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. XP_001506714, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 251) 1 MAQLLAPLLT LAALWLAPTA RARPLVDAGP HVYYGWGEPI RLRHLYTANR HGLASFSFLR 61 IHRDGRVDGS RSQSALSLLE IKAVALRMVA IKGVHSSRYL CMGDAGKLQG SVRFSAEDCT 121 FEEQIRPDGY NVYQSPKYNL PVSLCTDKQR QQAHGKEHLP LSHFLPMINA IPLEAEEPEG 181 PRMLAAPLET DSMDPFGLTS KLLPVKSPSF QK Anolis carolinensis (anole lizard) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. XP_003214715, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 252) 1 MCRRALPLLG ALLGLAAVAS RALPLTDAGP HVSYGWGEPV RLRHLYTAGR QGLFSQFLRI 61 HADGRVDGAG SQNRQSLLEI RAVSLRAVAL KGVHSSRYLC MEEDGRLRGM LRYSAEDCSF 121 EEEMRPDGYN IYKSKKYGVL VSLSNARQRQ QFKGKDFLPL SHFLPMINTV PVESADFGEY 181 GDTRQHYESD IFSSRLETDS MDPFGLTSEV SSVQSPSFGK Ochotona princeps (pika) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSOPRP00000009838, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 253) (partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF19 residues 12 to 77 and 113 to 216) 1 VRSRGAMARA LVLATLWLAA TGRPLALSDA GPHLHYGWGE PIRLRHLYAT SAHGLSHCFL 61 RIRTDGTVDC ERSQSAH--- ---------- ---------- ---------- --LQYSEEDC 121 AFEEEISSGY NVYRSRRYQL PVSLGSARQR QLQRSRGFLP LSHFLPVLPA ASEEVAAPAD 181 HPQADPFSPL ETDSMDPFGM ATKRGLVKSP SFQK Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSCPOP00000007325, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 254) 1 MWSAPSGCVV IRALVLAGLW LAVAGRPLAR RSLALSDQGP HLYYGWDQPI RLRHLYAAGP 61 YGRSRCFLRI HTDGAVDCVE EQSEHCLLEI RAVALETVAI KDINSVRYLC MGPDGRMRGL 121 PWYSEEDCAF KEEISYPGYS VYRSQKHHLP IVLSSVKQRQ QYQSKGVVPL SYFLPMLPKA 181 SVEPSDEEES SVFSLPLKTD SMDPFGMASE IGLVKSPSFQ K Tupaia belangeri (tree shrew) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSTBEP00000000264, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 255) (partial amino acid sequence corresponding to human FGF19 (residues 1 to 112 and 136 to 216) 1 MRRTPSGFAV ARVLFLGSLW LAAAGSPLAL SDAGPHVNYG WDESIRLRHL YTASPHGSTS 61 CFLRIRDDGS VDCARGQSLH SLLEIKAVAL QTVAIKGVYS VRYLCMDADG RMQGL----- 121 ---------- --------ST KHGLPVSLSS AKQRQLLTVR GFPSLPHFLL MMAKTSAGPG 181 NPRDHPGSNT FSLPLETDSM DPFGMTTRHG LVKSPSFQN Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) FGF15 (GenBank Accession No. NP_570109, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 256) 1 MARKWSGRIV ARALVLATLW LAVSGRPLVQ QSQSVSDEGP LFLYGWGKIT RLQYLYSAGP 61 YVSNCFLRIR SDGSVDCEED QNERNLLEFR AVALKTIAIK DVSSVRYLCM SADGKIYGLI 121 RYSEEDCTFR EEMDCLGYNQ YRSMKHHLHI IFIKAKPREQ LQGQKPSNFI PIFHRSFFES 181 TDQLRSKMFS LPLESDSMDP FRMVEDVDHL VKSPSFQK Mus musculus (house mouse) FGF15 (GenBank Accession No. NP_032029, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 257) 1 MARKWNGRAV ARALVLATLW LAVSGRPLAQ QSQSVSDEDP LFLYGWGKIT RLQYLYSAGP 61 YVSNCFLRIR SDGSVDCEED QNERNLLEFR AVALKTIAIK DVSSVRYLCM SADGKIYGLI 121 RYSEEDCTFR EEMDCLGYNQ YRSMKHHLHI IFIQAKPREQ LQDQKPSNFI PVFHRSFFET 181 GDQLRSKMFS LPLESDSMDP FRMVEDVDHL VKSPSFQK Gallus gallus (chicken) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. NP_990005, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 258) 1 MGPARPAAPG AALALLGIAA AAAAARSLPL PDVGGPHVNY GWGEPIRLRH LLHRPGKHGL 61 FSCFLRIGGD GRVDAVGSQS PQSLLEIRAV AVRTVAIKGV QSSRYLCMDE AGRLHGQLSY 121 SIEDCSFEEE IRPDGYNVYK SKKYGISVSL SSAKQRQQFK GKDFLPLSHF LPMINTVPVE 181 VTDFGEYGDY SQAFEPEVYS SPLETDSMDP FGITSKLSPV KSPSFQK Taeniopygia guttata (zebra finch) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. XP_002194493, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 259) 1 MVIISNLYLM QNDVMMNMRR APLRVHAARS SATPASALPL PPPDAGPHLK YGWGEPIRLR 61 HLYTASKHGL FSCFLRIGAD GRVDAAGSQS PQSLLEIRAV AVRTVAIKGV QSSRYLCMDE 121 AGRLHGQLRN STEDCSFEEE IRPDGYNVYR SKKHGISVSL SSAKQRQQFK GKDFLPLSHF 181 LPMINTVPME SADFGEYGDY SQAFEAEAFS SPLETDSMDP FGIASKLSLV KSPSFQN Danio rerio (zebrafish) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. NP_001012246, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 260) 1 MLLLLFVTVC GSIGVESLPL PDSGPHLAND WSEAVRLRHL YAARHGLHLQ INTDGEIIGS 61 TCKARTVSLM EIWPVDTGCV AIKGVASSRF LCMERLGNLY GSHIYTKEDC SFLERILPDG 121 YNVYFSSKHG ALVTLSGAKN KLHSNDGTSA SQFLPMINTL SEEHTKQHSG EQHSSVNHGQ 181 DHQLGLEIDS MDPFGKISQI VIQSPSFNKR Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis (western clawed frog) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. NP_001136297, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 261) 1 MWKTLPWILV PMMVAVLYFL GGAESLPLFD AGPHMQNGWG ESIRIRHLYT ARRFGHDSYY 61 LRIHEDGRVD GDRQQSMHSL LEIRAIAVGI VAIKGYRSSL YLCMGSEGKL YGMHSYSQDD 121 CSFEEELLPD GYNMYKSRKH GVAVSLSKEK QKQQYKGKGY LPLSHFLPVI SWVPMEPTGD 181 VEDDIYRFPF NTDTKSVIDS LDTLGLMDFS SYHKK Otolemur garnettii (bushbaby) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSOGAP00000017975, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 262) 1 MPSGLRGRVV AGALALASFW LAVAGRPLAF SDAGPHVHYG WGEPIRLRHL YTAGPHGLSS 61 CFLRVRTDGA VDCARGQSAH SLLEIRAVAL RTVAIKGVHS ARYLCMGADG RMQGLPQYSE 121 EDCAFEEEIR PDGYNVYWSE KHRLPVSLSS ARQRQLYKGR GFLPLSHFLP MLPVTPAEPG 181 DLRDHLESDM FSLPLETDSM DPFGIATRLG VVKSPSFQK Felis catus (cat) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSFCAP00000022548, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety)(SEQ ID NO: 263) 1 MRSAPSQCAV TRALVLAGLW LAAAGRPLAF SDAGPHVHYG WGEPIRLRHL YTAGPHGLSS 61 CFLRIRADGG VDCARSQSAH SLVEIRAVAL RTVAIKGVHS VRYLCMGADG RMQGLLQYSA 121 GDCAFQEEIR PDGYNVYRSE KHRLPVSLSS AIQRQLYKGR GFLPLSHFLP MLPGSPAEPR 181 DLQDHVESER FSSPLETDSM DPFGIATKMG LVKSPSFQK Pelodiscus sinensis (Chinese softshell turtle) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSPSIP00000010374, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 264) 1 MWRSLCKSHT SLALLGLCFA VVVRSLPFSD AGPHVNYGWG EPIRLRHLYT ASRHGLFNYF 61 LRISSDGKVD GTSIQSPHSL LEIRAVAVRT VAIKGVHSSR YLCMEEDGKL HGLLRYSTED 121 CSFEEEIRPD GYNVYKSKKY GISVSLSSAK QRQQFKGKDF LPLSHFLPMI NTVPVESMDF 181 GEYGDYSHTF ESDLFSSPLE TDSMDPFGIT SKISPVKSPS FQK Latimeria chalumnae (coelacanth) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSLACP00000014596, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 265) 1 MLQALYNLCT ALVLFKLPFA MVGYTLPSAN EGPHLNYDWG ESVRLKHLYT SSKHGLISYF 61 LQINDDGKVD GTTTRSCYSL LEIKSVGPGV LAIKGIQSSR YLCVEKDGKL HGSRTYSADD 121 CSFKEDILPD GYTIYVSKKH GSVVNLSNHK QKRQRNRRTL PPFSQFLPLM DTIRVECMNC 181 GEHCDDNLHD ELETGLSMDP FESTSKKSFQ SPSFHNR Mustela putorius furo (ferret) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSMPUP00000004571, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 266) 1 MRSAASRCAV ARALVLAGLW LAAAGRPLAF SDAGPHVHYG WGEPIRLRHL YTAGPHGLSS 61 CFLRIRADGG VDCARGQSAH SLVEIRAVAL RTVAIKGVYS DRYLCMGADG RMQGLPQYSA 121 GDCAFEEEIR PDGYNVYRSK KHRLPVSLSS AKQRQLYKDR GFLPLSHFLP MLPGSLAEPR 181 DLQDHVEADG FSAPLETDSM DPFGIATKMG LVKSPSFQK Takifugu rubripes (fugu) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSTRUP00000007110, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 267) 1 SSTRISGNMV LLMLPITVAN LFLCAGVLSL PLLDQGSHFP QGWEQVVRFR HLYAASAGLH 61 LLITEEGSIQ GSADPTLYSL MEIRPVDPGC VVIRGAATTR FLCIEGAGRL YSSQTYSKDD 121 CTFREQILAD GYSVYRSVGH GALVSLGNYR QQLRGEDWSV PTLAQFLPRI SSLDQDFKAA 181 LDETEKPEQT APQRSEPVDM VDSFGKLSQI IHSPSFHK Equus caballus (horse) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSECAP00000017705, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 268); partial sequence corresponding to human FGF19 residues 20 to 113 1 AAGRPLALSD AGPHVHYGWG EPIRLRHLYT AGPHGLSSCF LRIRADGAVD CARGQSAHSL 61 VEIRAVALRT VAIKGVHSVR YLCMGADGRM QGLV Oryzias latipes (medaka) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSORLP00000000352, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 269) 1 TMLLIVVTIS TMVFSDSGVS SMPLSDHGPH ITHSWSQVVR LRHLYAVKPG QHVQIREDGH 61 IHGSAEQTLN SLLEIRPVAP GRVVFRGVAT SRFLCMESDG RLFSSHTFDK DNCVFREQIL 121 ADGYNIYISD QHGTLLSLGN HRQRQQGLDR DVPALAQFLP RISTLQQGVY PVPDPPHQMR 181 TMQTEKTLDA TDTFGQLSKI IHSPSFNKR Xiphophorus maculatus (platyfish) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSXMAP00000001516, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 270) 1 MFVFILCIAG ELFTLGVFCM PMMDQGPLVT HGWGQVVRHR HLYAAKPGLH LLISEDGQIH 61 GSADQTLYSL LEIQPVGPGR VVIKGVATTR FLCMESDGRL YSTETYSRAD CTFREQIQAD 121 GYNVYTSDSH GALLSLGNNQ QRHSGSDRGV PALARFLPRL NTLQQAVPTE PDVPDQLSPE 181 KVQQTVDMVA SFGKLSHIIH SPSFHKR Ictidomys tridecemlineatus (squirrel) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSSTOP00000021639, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 271) 1 MRSAPSGRAL ARALVLASLW LAVAGRPLAR RSLALSDQGP HLYYGWDQPI RLRHLYAAGP 61 YGFSNCFLRI RTDGAVDCEE KQSERSLMEI RAVALETVAI KDINSVRYLC MGADGRIQGL 121 PRYSEEECTF KEEISYDGYN VYRSQKYHLP VVLSSAKQRQ LYQSKGVVPL SYFLPMLPLA 181 SAETRDRLES DVFSLPLETD SMDPFGMASE VGLKSPSFQK Gasterosteus aculeatus (stickleback) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSGACP00000018732, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 272) 1 MLLLLVPAYV ASVFLALGVV CLPLTDQGLH MADDWGQSVR LKHLYAASPG LHLLIGEDGR 61 IQGSAQQSPY SLLEISAVDP GCVVIRGVAT ARFLCIEGDG RLYSSDTYSR DDCTFREQIL 121 PDGYSVYVSH GHGALLSLGN HRQRLQGRDH GVPALAQFLP RVSTMDQASA PDAPGQTATE 181 TEEPVDSFGK LSQIIHSPSF HER Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSONIP00000022796, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 273) 1 MLLLLIVSIV NMLFGVGMVC MPLSDNGPHI AHGWAQVVRL RHLYATRPGM HLLISEGGQI 61 RGSAVQTLHS LMEIRPVGPG RVVIRGVATA RFLCIEDDGT LYSSHAYSRE DCIFREQILP 121 DGYNIYISDR HGVLLSLGNH RQRLQGLDRG DPALAQFLPR ISTLNQIPSP GANIGDHMKV 181 AKTEEPVDTI DSFGKFSQII DSPSFHKR Meleagris gallopavo (turkey) FGF19 (Ensembl Accession No. ENSMGAP00000010265, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 274); partial sequence corresponding to human FGF19 residues 71 to 216 1 VGNQSPQSIL EITAVDVGIV AIKGLFSGRY LAMNKRGRLY ASLSYSIEDC SFEEEIRPDG 61 YNVYKSKKYG ISVSLSSAKQ RQQFKGKDFL PLSHFLPMIN TVPVEVTDFG EYGDYSQAFE 121 PEVYSSPLET DSMDPFGITS KLSPVKSPSF QK Papio anubis (olive baboon) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. XP_003909471, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 275) 1 MRSGCVVVHA WILASLWLAV AGRPLAFSDA GPHVHYGWGD PIRLRHLYTS GPHGLSSCFL 61 RIRTDGVVDC ARGQSAHSLL EIKAVALRTV AIKGVHSVRY LCMGADGKMQ GLLQYSEEDC 121 AFEEEIRPDG YNVYRSQKHR LPVSLSSAKQ RQLYKNRGFL PLSHFLPMLP MAPEEPEDLR 181 GPLESDMFSS PLETDSMDPF GLVTGLEAVR SPSFEK Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis (Bolivian squirrel monkey) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. XP_003941214, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 276) 1 MRSGCVVVHA WILAGLWLAV VGRPLAFSDA GPHVHYGWGD PIRLRHLYTS SPHGLSSCFL 61 RIRSDGVVDC ARGQSAHSLL EIKAVALRTV AIKGVHSSRY LCMGADGRLQ GLFQYSEEDC 121 AFEEEIRPDG YNVYLSEKHR LPVSLSSAKQ RQLYKKRGFL PLSHFLPMLP RAPEEPDDLR 181 GHLESDVFSS PLETDSMDPF GLVTGLEAVN SPSFEK Pteropus alecto (black flying fox) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. ELK13233, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 277) 1 MRSPCAVARA LVLAGLWLAS AAGPLALSDA GPHVHYGWGE AIRLRHLYTA GPHGPSSCFL 61 RIRADGAVDC ARGQSAHSLV EIRAVALRNV AIKGVHSVRY LCMGADGRML GLLQYSADDC 121 AFEEEIRPDG YNVYHSKKHH LPVSLSSAKQ RQLYKDRGFL PLSHFLPMLP RSPTEPENFE 181 DHLEADTFSS PLETDDMDPF GIASKLGLEE SPSFQK Myotis davidii (David's myotis) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. ELK24234, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 278) 1 MSGQNSGRHG SRPGLDEEPE PGPLELRALG STRADPQLCD FLENHFLGYT CLELDICLAT 61 YLGVSHWGES IRLRHLYTSG PHGPSSCFLR IRVDGAVDCA RGQSAHSLVE IRAVALRKVA 121 IKGVHSALYL CMEGDGRMRG LPQFSPEDCA FEEEIRPDGY NVYRSQKHQL PVSLSSARQR 181 QLFKARGFLP LSHFLPMLPS SPAEPVHRER PLEPDAFSSP LETDSMDPFG IANNLRLVKS 241 PSFQK Tupaia chinensis (Chinese tree shrew) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. ELW64990, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 279); residues 1-257, excluding 13-19 1 MRRTWSGFAV AT-------R AGSPLALADA GPHVNYGWDE SIRLRHLYTA SLHGSTSCFL 61 RIRDDGSVGC ARGQSMHSLL EIKAVALQTV AIKGVYSVRY LCMDTDGRMQ GLPQYSEEDC 121 TFEEEIRSDG HNVYRSKKHG LPVSLSSAKQ RQLYKGRGFL SLSHFLLMMP KTSAGPGNPR 181 DQRNPRDQRD PNTFSLPLET DSMDPFGMTT RHGLLLDSCC ASLVLLNIST DGEFSPYGNI 241 LRPSFRFKLF KMKKVTN Heterocephalus glaber (naked mole-rat) FGF19 (GenBank Accession No. EHB12332, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 280) 1 MRFSKSTCGF FNHQRLQALW LSLSSVKWVL DAAVEGRPIR LRHLYAAGPY GRSRCFLRIH 61 TDGAVDCVEE QSEHCLLEIR AVALETVAIK DINSVRYLCM GPDGRMQGLP WYSEEDCAFK 121 EEISYPGYSV YRSQKHHLPI VLSSVKQRQQ YQSKGVVPLS YFLPMLPKAS VEPGDEEESA 181 FSLPLKTDSM DPFGMASEIG LAKSPSFQK

In one embodiment, a C-terminal portion of FGF19 of the chimeric protein of the present invention comprises the conserved amino acid sequence TGLEAV(R/N)SPSFEK (SEQ ID NO: 281). In one embodiment, a C-terminal portion of FGF19 comprises the conserved amino acid sequence MDPFGLVTGLEAV(R/N)SPSFEK (SEQ ID NO: 282). In one embodiment, the C-terminal portion of FGF19 of the chimeric protein of the present invention comprises the conserved amino acid sequence LP(M/I)(V/A)PEEPEDLR(G/R) HLESD(M/V)FSSPLETDSMDPFGLVTGLEAV(R/N)SPSFEK (SEQ ID NO: 283).

In one embodiment, the C-terminal portion of FGF19 of the chimeric protein of the present invention consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of TGLEAV(R/N)SPSFEK (SEQ ID NO: 281); MDPFGLVTGLEAV(R/N)SPSFEK (SEQ ID NO: 282); and LP(M/I)(V/A)PEEPEDLR(G/R)HLESD(M/V)FSSPLETDSMDPFGLVTGLEAV(R/N)SPSFEK (SEQ ID NO: 283).

In certain embodiments according to the present invention, the C-terminal portion of FGF19 of the chimeric protein of the present invention includes a polypeptide sequence that has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity to the amino acid sequences of any of TGLEAV(R/N)SPSFEK (SEQ ID NO: 281); MDPFGLVTGLEAV(R/N)SPSFEK (SEQ ID NO: 282); or LP(M/I)(V/A)PEEPEDLR(G/R)HLESD(M/V)FSSPLETDSMDPFGLVTGLEAV(R/N)SPSFEK (SEQ ID NO: 283). In certain embodiments according to the present invention, the C-terminal portion of FGF19 of the chimeric protein of the present invention includes a polypeptide sequence that has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence homology to the amino acid sequences of any of TGLEAV(R/N)SPSFEK (SEQ ID NO: 281); MDPFGLVTGLEAV(R/N)SPSFEK (SEQ ID NO: 282); or LP(M/I)(V/A)PEEPEDLR (G/R)HLESD(M/V)FSSPLETDSMDPFGLVTGLEAV(R/N)SPSFEK (SEQ ID NO: 283).

It will be understood that the portion from FGF19 of the chimeric protein of the present invention may be from a nucleotide sequence that encodes an FGF19 protein (e.g., those encoding orthologs) from a mammal or even a non-mammalian species. For example, a nucleotide sequence encoding a mammalian or non-mammalian FGF19 protein according to the present invention may include, but is not limited to, those FGF-encoding nucleotide sequences shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Human FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-216)(SEQ ID NO: 284) (GenBank Accession No. NM_005117, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 464    ATGCGGA GCGGGTGTGT GGTGGTCCAC GTATGGATCC TGGCCGGCCT CTGGCTGGCC 521 GTGGCCGGGC GCCCCCTCGC CTTCTCGGAC GCGGGGCCCC ACGTGCACTA CGGCTGGGGC 581 GACCCCATCC GCCTGCGGCA CCTGTACACC TCCGGCCCCC ACGGGCTCTC CAGCTGCTTC 641 CTGCGCATCC GTGCCGACGG CGTCGTGGAC TGCGCGCGGG GCCAGAGCGC GCACAGTTTG 701 CTGGAGATCA AGGCAGTCGC TCTGCGGACC GTGGCCATCA AGGGCGTGCA CAGCGTGCGG 761 TACCTCTGCA TGGGCGCCGA CGGCAAGATG CAGGGGCTGC TTCAGTACTC GGAGGAAGAC 821 TGTGCTTTCG AGGAGGAGAT CCGCCCAGAT GGCTACAATG TGTACCGATC CGAGAAGCAC 881 CGCCTCCCGG TCTCCCTGAG CAGTGCCAAA CAGCGGCAGC TGTACAAGAA CAGAGGCTTT 941 CTTCCACTCT CTCATTTCCT GCCCATGCTG CCCATGGTCC CAGAGGAGCC TGAGGACCTC 1001 AGGGGCCACT TGGAATCTGA CATGTTCTCT TCGCCCCTGG AGACCGACAG CATGGACCCA 1061 TTTGGGCTTG TCACCGGACT GGAGGCCGTG AGGAGTCCCA GCTTTGAGAA GTAA Gorilla FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-216) (SEQ ID NO: 285) (Ensembl Accession No. ENSGGOT00000028361, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 463   ATGCGGAG CGGGTGTGTG GTGGTCCACG TCTGGATCCT GGCCGGCCTC TGGCTGGCCG 521 TGGCCGGGCG CCCCCTCGCC TTCTCGGACG CGGGGCCCCA CGTGCACTAC GGCTGGGGCG 581 ACCCCATCCG CCTGCGGCAC CTGTACACCT CCGGCCCCCA CGGGCTCTCC AGCTGCTTCC 641 TGCGCATCCG TGCCGACGGC GTCGTGGACT GCGCGCGGGG CCAGAGCGCG CACAGTTTGC 701 TGGAGATCAA GGCAGTCGCT CTGCGGACCG TGGCCATCAA GGGCGTGCAC AGCGTGCGGT 761 ACCTCTGCAT GGGCGCCGAC GGCAAGATGC AGGGGCTGCT TCAGTACTCG GAGGAAGACT 821 GTGCTTTCGA GGAGGAGATC CGCCCAGATG GCTACAATGT GTACCGATCT GAGAAGCACC 881 GCCTCCCGGT CTCCCTGAGC AGTGCCAAAC AGCGGCAGCT GTACAAGAAC AGAGGCTTTC 941 TTCCGCTCTC TCATTTCCTG CCCATGCTGC CCATGGTCCC AGAGGAGCCT GAGGACCTCA 1001 GGGGCCACTT GGAATCTGAC ATGTTCTCTT CACCCCTGGA GACCGACAGC ATGGACCCAT 1061 TTGGGCTTGT CACCGGACTG GAGGCCGTGA GGAGTCCTAG CTTTGAGAAG TAA Pan troglodytes gene coding sequence (1-216) (chimpanzee) FGF19(SEQ ID NO: 286) (Ensembl Accession No. ENSPTRT00000007454, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGCGGAACG GGTGTGTGGT GGTCCACGTC TGGATCCTGG CCGGCCTCTG GCTGGCCGTG 61 GCCGGGCGCC CCCTCGCCTT CTCGGACGCG GGGCGCCACG TGCACTACTG CTGGGGCGAC 121 CCCATCCCCC TGCGGCACCT GTACACCTCC GGCCCCCATG GGCTCTCCAG CTGCTTCCTG 181 CGCATCCCTG CGAACTGCGT CATGAACTGC GCGCGGGGCC AGAGCGCGCA CAGTTTGCTG 241 GAGATCAAGG CAGTCGCTCT GCGGACCGTG GCCATCAAGG GCGTGCACAG CGTGCGGTAC 301 CTCTGCATGG GCGCCGACGG CAAGATGCAG GGGCTGCTTC AGTACTCGGA GGAAGACTGT 361 GCTTTCGAGG AGGAGATCCG CCCAGATGGC TACAATGTGT ACCGATCCGA GAAGCACCGC 421 CTCCCGGTCT CCCTGAGCAG TGCCAAACAG CGGCAGCTGT ACAAGAACAG AGGCTTTCTT 481 CCACTCTCTC ATTTCCTGCC CATGCTGCCC ATGGTCCCAG AGGAGCCTGA GGACCTCAGG 541 GGCCACTTGG AATCTGACAT GTTCTCTTCG CCCCTGGAGA CCGACAGCAT GGACCCATTT 601 GGGCTTGTCA CCGGACTGGA GGCCGTGAGG AGTCCCAGCT TTGAGAAGTA A Macaca mulatta gene coding sequence (1-216) (Rhesus monkey) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 287) (GenBank Accession No. XM_001100825, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 758        ATG AGGAGCGGGT GTGTGGTGGT CCACGCCTGG ATCCTGGCCA GCCTCTGGCT 811 GGCCGTGGCC GGGCGTCCCC TCGCCTTCTC GGACGCGGGG CCCCACGTGC ACTACGGCTG 871 GGGCGACCCC ATCCGCCTGC GGCACCTGTA CACCTCCGGC CCCCATGGGC TCTCCAGCTG 931 CTTCCTGCGC ATCCGCACCG ACGGCGTCGT GGACTGCGCG CGGGGCCAAA GCGCGCACAG 991 TTTGCTGGAG ATCAAGGCAG TAGCTCTGCG GACCGTGGCC ATCAAGGGCG TGCACAGCGT 1051 GCGGTACCTC TGCATGGGCG CCGACGGCAA GATGCAGGGG CTGCTTCAGT ACTCAGAGGA 1111 AGACTGTGCT TTCGAGGAGG AGATCCGCCC TGATGGCTAC AATGTATACC GATCCGAGAA 1171 GCACCGCCTC CCGGTCTCTC TGAGCAGTGC CAAACAGAGG CAGCTGTACA AGAACAGAGG 1231 CTTTCTTCCG CTCTCTCATT TCCTACCCAT GCTGCCCATG GCCCCAGAGG AGCCTGAGGA 1291 CCTCAGGGGC CACTTGGAAT CTGACATGTT CTCTTCGCCC CTGGAGACTG ACAGCATGGA 1351 CCCATTTGGG CTTGTCACCG GACTGGAGGC GGTGAGGAGT CCCAGCTTTG AGAAATAA Pongo abelii gene coding sequence (1-216) (Sumatran orangutan) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 288) (GenBank Accession No. XM_002821413, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 763   ATGCGGAG CGGGTGTGTG GTGGTCCACG CCTGGATCCT GGCCGGCCTC TGGCTGGCCG 821 TGGCCGGGCG CCCCCTCGCC TTCTCGGACT CGGGGCCCCA CGTGCACTAC GGCTGGGGCG 881 ACCCCATCCG CCTGCGGCAC CTGTACACCT CCGGCCCCCA CGGGCTCTCC AGCTGCTTCC 941 TGCGCATCCG TGCCGACGGC GTCGTGGACT GCGCGCGGGG CCAGAGCGCG CACAGTTTGC 1001 TGGAGATCAA GGCAGTCGCT CTGCGGACCG TGGCCATCAA GGGCGTGCAC AGCGTGCGGT 1061 ACCTCTGCAT GGGCGCCGAC GGCAAGATGC AGGGGCTGCT TCAGTACTCG GAGGAAGACT 1121 GTGCTTTCGA GGAGGAGATC CGCCCAGATG GCTACAATGT GTACCGATCC GAGAAGCACC 1181 GCCTCCCGGT CTCCCTGAGC AGTGCCAAAC AGCGGCAGCT GTACAAGAAC AGGGGCTTTC 1241 TTCCGCTCTC TCATTTCCTG CCCATGCTGC CCATGGTCCC AGAGGAGCCT GAGGACCTCA 1301 GGCGCCACTT GGAATCCGAC ATGTTCTCTT CGCCCCTGGA GACCGACAGC ATGGACCCAT 1361 TTGGGCTTGT CACCGGACTG GAGGCCGTGA GGAGTCCCAG CTTTGAGAAA TAA Nomascus leucogenys gene coding sequence (1-216) (Northern white- cheeked gibbon) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 289) (Genbank Accession No. XM_003278023, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 456      ATGCG GAGCGAGTGT GTGGTGGTCC ACGCCTGGAT CCTGGCCGGC CTCTGGCTGG 511 CAGTGGCCGG GCGCCCCCTC GCCTTTTCGG ACGCGGGGCC CCACGTGCAC TACGGCTGGG 571 GCGACCCCAT CCGTCTGCGG CACCTGTACA CCTCCGGCCC CCACGGGCTC TCCAGCTGCT 631 TCCTGCGCAT CCGTGCCGAC GGCGTCGTGG ACTGCGCGCG GGGCCAGAGC GCGCACAGTT 691 TGCTGGAGAT CAAGGCAGTC GCTCTGCGGA CCGTGGCCAT AAAGGGCGTG CACAGCGTGC 751 GGTACCTCTG CATGGGCGCC GACGGCAAGA TGCAGGGGCT GCTTCAGTAT TCGGAGGAAG 811 ACTGTGCTTT CGAGGAGGAG ATCCGCCCAG ATGGCTACAA TGTGTACCGA TCCGAGAAGC 871 ACCGCCTCCC CGTCTCCCTG AGCAGTGCCA AACAGCGGCA GCTGTATAAG AACAGAGGCT 931 TTCTTCCACT CTCTCATTTC CTGCCCATGC TGCCCATGGT CCCAGAGGAG CCTGAGGACC 991 TCAGGGGCCA CTTGGAATCT GACATGTTCT CTTCGCCCCT GGAGACCGAC AGCATGGACC 1051 CATTTGGGCT TGTCACCGGA CTGGAGGCCG TGAGGAGTCC CAGCTTTGAG AAATAA Callithrix jacchus gene coding sequence (1-142) (white-tufted-ear marmoset) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 290) (GenBank Accession No. XM_002763684, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGTGGAAGG CCACCGCTGG TGGCCAGCAG GGACAGTCCG AAGCACAAAT GTCCACATGT 61 CCCCATGTTC CTCGTCCTCT GTGGATTGCT CAGAGCTGCC TGTTTTCTCT GCAGCTCCAG 121 TACTCGGAGG AAGACTGTGC TTTCGAGGAG GAGATCCGCC CTGATGGCTA CAATGTGTAC 181 TGGTCCGAGA AGCACCGCCT CCCGGTCTCC CTGAGCAGCG CCAAACAGCG GCAGCTGTAC 241 AAGAAACGAG GCTTTCTTCC ACTGTCCCAT TTCCTGCCCA TGCTGCCCAT AGCCCCAGAA 301 GAGCCTGAGG ACCTCAGGGG ACACCTGGAA TCTGACGTGT TCTCTTCACC CCTGGAGACT 361 GACAGCATGG ACCCATTTGG GCTTGTCACG GGACTGGAGG CGGTGAACAG TCCCAGCTTT 421 GAGAAGTAA Microcebus murinus gene coding sequence (1-219)(mouse lemur) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 291) (Ensembl Accession No. ENSMICT00000003065, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGCCGAGCG GGCAAAGCGG TTGTGTGGCG GCCCGCGCCC TGATCCTGGC CGGCCTCTGG 61 CTGACCGCGG CCGGGCGCCC GCTGGCCTTC TCCGACGCGG GCCCGCACGT GCACTACGGC 121 TGGGGCGAGC CCATCCGCCT GCGGCACCTG TACACCGCCG GCCCCCACGG CCTCTCCAGC 181 TGCTTCCTGC GCATCCGCGC AGACGGCTCC GTGGACTGCG CGCGGGGCCA GAGCGCACAC 241 AGTTTGCTGG AGATCAGGGC GGTCGCTCTT CGGACTGTGG CCATCAAGGG CGTGCACAGC 301 GTGCGGTACC TCTGCATGGG CGCAGACGGC AGGATGCAGG GGCTGCTCCG GTACTCGGAG 361 GAAGACTGTG CCTTCGAGGA GGAGATCCGC CCCGATGGCT ACAACGTGTA CCGGTCTGAG 421 AAGCACCGCC TGCCGGTGTC TCTGAGCAGC GCCAGGCAGA GGCAGCTGTA CAAGGGCAGG 481 GGCTTCCTGC CGCTCTCTCA CTTCCTGCCC ATGCTGCCCG TGACCCCGGC AGAGACCGGG 541 GACCTCAGGG ACCACTTGGA GTCCGACATG TTCGCTTCGC CCCTGGAGAC CGACAGCATG 601 GACCCGTTTG GGATCGCCAC CAGACTTGGG GTGGTGAAGA GTCCCAGCTT TCAGAAATGA Choloepus hoffmanni gene coding sequence (1-138) (sloth) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 292) (Ensembl Accession No. ENSCHOT00000002324, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 TTGCTCGAAA TGAAGGCAGT GGCGCTGCGG GCCGTGGCCA TCAAGGGCGT GCACAGTGCT 61 CTGTACCTCT GCATGAACGC CGACGGCAGT CTGCACGGGC TGCCTCGGTA CTCTGCAGAA 121 GACTGTGCTT TTGAGGAGGA AATCCGCCCC GACGGCTACA ATGTGTACTG GTCTAGGAAG 181 CACGGCCTCC CTGTCTCTTT GAGCAGTGCA AAACAGAGGC AGCTGTACAA AGGCAGAGGC 241 TTTCTGCCCC TGTCCCACTT CCTGCCCATG CTGCCCATGA CGCCGGCCGA GCCCGCAGAC 301 CCCGGGGATG ACGTGGAGTC GGACATGTTC TCTTCACCTC TGGAAACCGA CAGCATGGAT 361 CCTTTTGGAA TTGCCTCCAG ACTTGAGCTT GTGAACAGTC CAGCTTTCAG CATAA Ailuropoda melanoleuca gene coding sequence (124-328) (giant panda) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 293) (GenBank Accession No. XM_002927906, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 69         GG TCCTAGCCGG CCTCTGCCTG GCGGTAGCCG GGCGCCCCCT AGCCTTCTCG 421 GACGCGGGGC CGCACGTGCA CTACGGCTGG GGTGAGCCCA TCCGCCTACG GCACCTGTAC 481 ACCGCCGGCC CCCACGGCCT CTCCAGCTGC TTCCTGCGCA TCCGTGCCGA CGGCGGGGTT 541 GACTGCGCGC GGGGCCAGAG CGCGCACAGT TTGGTGGAGA TCAGGGCAGT CGCTCTGCGG 601 ACCGTGGCCA TCAAGGGTGT GCACAGCGTC CGGTACCTCT GCATGGGCGC GGACGGCAGG 661 ATGCAAGGGC TGCCTCAGTA CTCTGCAGGG GACTGTGCTT TCGAGGAGGA GATCCGCCCC 721 GACGGCTACA ATGTGTACCG GTCCAAGAAG CACCGTCTCC CCGTCTCTCT GAGCGGTGCC 781 AAACAGAGGC AGCTTTACAA AGACAGAGGC TTTCTGCCCC TGTCCCACTT CTTGCCCATG 841 CTGCCCGGGA GCCCAGCAGA GCCCAGGGAC CTCCAGGACC ATGCGGAGTC GGACGGGTTT 901 TCTGCACCCC TAGAAACAGA CAGCATGGAC CCTTTTGGGA TCGCCACCAA AATGGGACTA 961 GTGAAGAGTC CCAGCTTCCA GAAATAA Sus scrofa gene coding sequence (1-218) (pig) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 294) (Ensembl Accession No. ENSSSCT00000014068, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGCGGAGCG CTCCGAGCCG GTGCGCGGTG GTCCGCGCCC TGGTCCTGGC CGGCCTCTGG 61 CTGGCCGCAG CCGGGCGCCC CCTAGCCTTC TCGGATGCTG GGCCGCACGT GCACTACGGC 121 TGGGGCGAGT CGGTCCGCCT GCGGCACCTG TACACTGCGA GTCCCCACGG CGTCTCCAGC 181 TGCTTCCTGC GCATCCACTC AGACGGCCCC GTGGACTGCG CGCCGGGACA GAGCGCGCAC 241 AGTTTGATGG AGATCAGGGC AGTCGCGCTG AGTACCGTGG CGATCAAGGG CGAGCGCAGC 301 GGCCGTTACC TCTGCATGGG CGCCGACGGC AAGATGCAAG GGCAGACTCA GTACTCGGAT 361 GAGGACTGTG CTTTCGAGGA GGAGATCCGC CCTGATGGCT ACAACGTGTA CTGGTCCAAG 421 AAACACCATC TGCCCGTCTC TCTGAGCAGC GCCAGGCAGA GGCAGCTGTA CAAAGGCAGG 481 GGCTTCCTGC CGCTGTCCCA CTTTCTGCCC ATGCTGTCCA CTCTCCCAGC CGAGCCGGAG 541 GACCTCCAGG ACCCCTTCAA GTCCGACCTG TTTTCTTTGC CCCTGGAAAC GGACAGCATG 601 GACCCTTTCC GGATCGCCGC CAAACTGGGA GCGGTGAAGA GTCCCAGCTT CTATAAATAA Bos taurus gene coding sequence (136-353)(bovine) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 295) (GenBank Accession No. XM_599739, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 406                                                  ATGCG GAGCGCTCCG 421 AGCCGGTGCG CCGTGGCCCG CGCCCTGGTC CTGGCTGGCC TCTGGCTGGC CGCAGCCGGG 481 CGCCCCCTGG CCTTCTCGGA TGCGGGGCCG CACGTGCACT ACGGCTGGGG CGAGTCGGTT 541 CGCTTGCGGC ACCTGTATAC CGCGGGCCCG CAGGGCCTCT ACAGCTGCTT TCTGCGCATC 601 CACTCCGACG GCGCCGTGGA CTGCGCGCAG GTCCAGAGCG CGCACAGTTT GATGGAGATC 661 AGGGCGGTCG CTCTGAGCAC CGTAGCCATC AAGGGCGAGC GCAGCGTGCT GTACCTCTGC 721 ATGGACGCCG ACGGCAAGAT GCAAGGACTG ACCCAGTACT CAGCCGAGGA CTGTGCTTTC 781 GAGGAGGAGA TCCGTCCTGA CGGCTACAAC GTGTACTGGT CCAGGAAGCA CCATCTCCCG 841 GTCTCCCTGA GCAGCTCCAG GCAGAGGCAG CTGTTCAAAA GCAGGGGCTT CCTGCCGCTG 901 TCTCACTTCC TGCCCATGCT GTCCACCATC CCAGCCGAAC CTGAAGACCT CCAGGAACCC 961 CTGAAGCCTG ATTTCTTTCT GCCCCTGAAA ACAGATAGCA TGGACCCTTT CGGGCTCGCC 1021 ACCAAACTGG GATCGGTGAA GAGTCCCAGC TTCTATAATT AA Canis lupus familiaris gene coding sequence (1-192)(dog) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 296) (GenBank Accession No. XM_540802, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 CTAGCCTTCT CCGACGCGGG GCCGCACGTG CACTCCTTCT GGGGGGAGCC CATCCGCCTG 61 CGGCACCTGT ACACCGCCGG CCCCCACGGC CTCTCCAGCT GCTTCCTGCG CATCCGCGCC 121 GACGGCGGGG TGGACTGCGC GCGGGGCCAG AGCGCGCACA GTCTGATGGA GATGAGGGCG 181 GTCGCTCTGC GGACCGTGGC CATCAAGGGC GTGCACAGCG GCCGGTACCT CTGCATGGGC 241 GCCGACGGCA GGATGCAAGG GCTGCCTCAG TACTCCGCCG GAGACTGTAC TTTCGAGGAG 301 GAGATCCGTC CCGATGGCTA CAATGTGTAC TGGTCCAAGA AGCACCATCT CCCCATCTCT 361 CTGAGTAGTG CCAAACAGAG GCAGCTCTAC AAGGGCAGGG GCTTTTTGCC CCTGTCCCAC 421 TTCTTACCTA TCTTGCCCGG GAGCCCAACA GAGCCCAGGG ACCTGGAAGA CCATGTGGAG 481 TCTGACGGGT TTTCTGCATC CCTGGAAACA GACAGCATGG ACCCTTTTGG GATCGCCACC 541 AAAATTGGAC TAGTGAAGAG TCCCAGTTTC CAAAAATAA Oryctolagus cuniculus gene coding sequence (1-218) (rabbit) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 297) (GenBank Accession No. XM_002724449, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGCGCCGCG CGCCGAGCGG AGGTGCCGCG GCCCGCGCCT TGGTCCTGGC CGGCCTCTGG 61 CTGGCCGCGG CCGCGCGCCC CTTGGCCTTG TCCGACGCGG GCCCGCATCT GCACTACGGC 121 TGGGGCGAGC CCGTCCGCCT GCGGCACCTG TACGCCACCA GCGCCCACGG CGTCTCGCAC 181 TGCTTCCTGC GTATACGCGC CGACGGCGCC GTGGACTGCG AGCGGAGCCA GAGCGCACAC 241 AGCTTGCTGG AGATCCGAGC GGTCGCCCTG CGCACCGTGG CCTTCAAGGG CGTGCACAGC 301 TCCCGCTACC TCTGCATGGG CGCCGACGGC AGGATGCGGG GGCAGCTGCA GTACTCGGAG 361 GAGGACTGTG CCTTCCAGGA GGAGATCAGC TCCGGCTACA ACGTGTACCG CTCCACGACG 421 CACCACCTGC CCGTGTCTCT GAGCAGTGCC AAGCAGAGAC ACCTGTACAA GACCAGAGGC 481 TTCCTGCCCC TCTCCCACTT CCTGCCCGTG CTGCCCCTGG CCTCCGAGGA GACCGCGGCC 541 CTCGGCGACC ACCCTGAAGC CGACCTGTTC TCCCCGCCCC TGGAAACCGA CAGCATGGAC 601 CCCTTCGGCA TGGCCACCAA GCTCGGGCCG GTGAAGAGCC CCAGCTTTCA GAAGTAG Pteropus vampyrus gene coding sequence (1-216) (megabat) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 298) (Ensembl Accession No. ENSPVAT00000009907, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGCGGAGCC CGTGCGCTGT GGCCCGCGCC TTGGTCCTGG CCGGCCTCTG GCTGGCCTCA 61 GCTGCGGGCC CCCTCGCCCT CTCGGACGCG GGGCCGCACG TGCACTACGG CTGGGGCGAG 121 GCCATCCGCC TGCGGCACCT GTACACCGCC GGCCCCCACG GCCCCTCCAG CTGCTTCCTG 181 CGCATCCGCG CGGATGGGGC GGTGGACTGC GCGCGGGGCC AGAGCGCGCA CAGTTTGGTG 241 GAAATCCGGG CTGTCGCCCT GCGGAACGTG GCTATCAAGG GCGTGCACAG CGTCCGATAC 301 CTCTGCATGG GAGCCGACGG CAGGATGCTA GGGCTGCTTC AGTACTCCGC TGACGACTGC 361 GCCTTCGAGG AGGAGATCCG CCCGGACGGC TACAACGTGT ACCACTCCAA GAAGCACCAC 421 CTCCCGGTCT CTCTGAGCAG TGCCAAGCAG AGGCAACTGT ACAAGGACAG GGGCTTCCTG 481 CCCCTGTCCC ATTTCCTGCC CATGCTGCCC AGGAGCCCGA CAGAGCCCGA GAACTTCGAA 541 GACCACTTGG AGGCCGACAC GTTTTCCTCG CCCCTGGAGA CAGACGACAT GGACCCTTTT 601 GGGATTGCCA GTAAATTGGG GCTGGAGGAA AGTCCCAGCT TCCAGAAGTA A Tursiops truncatus gene coding sequence (1-219) (dolphin) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 299) (Ensembl Accession No. ENSTTRT00000000066, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGCGGAGCG CTCCGAGCCG GTGCGCCGTG GCCCGCGCCC TGGTCCTGGC CGGCCTCTGG 61 CTGGCTGCAG CCGGGCGCCC CCTAGCCTTC TCGGATGCCG GGCCGCACGT GCACTACGGC 121 TGGGGCGAGT CCGTCCGCCT GCGGCACCTG TACACCGCGG GTCCCCAGGG CCTCTCCAGC 181 TGCTTCCTGC GCATCCACTC AGACGGCGCC GTGGACTGCG CGCCGGTTCA GAGCGCGCAC 241 AGTTTGATGG AGATCAGGGC AGTCGCTCTG AGTACCGTGG CCATCAAGGG CGAACGCAGC 301 GTCCTGTACC TCTGCATGGG CGCCGACGGC AAAATGCAAG GGCTGAGTCA GTACTCAGCT 361 GAGGACTGTG CCTTTGAGGA GGAAATCCGT CCGGACGGCT ACAACGTGTA CTGGTCCAAG 421 AAACACCACC TCCCGGTGTC CCTGAGCAGC GCCAGGCAGC GGCAGCTGTT CAAAGGCAGG 481 GGTTTCCTGC CGCTGTCTCA CTTCCTTCCC ATGCTGTCCA CCATCCCCAC AGAGCCCGAT 541 GAAATCCAGG ACCACTTGAA GCCCGATTTG TTTGCTTTGC CCCTGAAAAC AGATAGCATG 601 GACCCATTTG GGCTCGCCAC CAAACTGGGA GTGGTGAAGA GTCCCAGCTT CTATAAGTAA Myotis lucifugus gene coding sequence (1-219) (microbat) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 300) (Ensembl Accession No. ENSMLUT00000002508, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGCAAAGCG CGTGGAGCCG ACGCGTTGTG GCCCGAGCCC TGGTCTTGGC CAGCCTCGGG 61 CTGGCCTCAG CCGGGGGGCC CCTCGGTCTT TCGGACGCTG GGCCGCACGT GCACTACGGC 121 TGGGGGGAGT CCATCCGCCT GCGCCACCTG TACACCTCCG GCCCCCACGG CCCATCCAGC 181 TGCTTCCTGC GCATCCGCGC TGACGGCGCA GTGGACTGCG CGCGGGGCCA GAGCGCGCAC 241 AGTTTGGTGG AGATCAGGGC CGTCGCCTTG CGGAAAGTGG CCATCAAGGG CGTGCACAGC 301 GCCCTGTACC TCTGCATGGG AGGCGACGGC AGGATGCTGG GGCTGCCTCA GTTCTCGCCC 361 GAGGACTGTG CTTTCGAGGA GGAGATCCGC CCGGACGGCT ACAACGTGTA CCGGTCCCAG 421 AAGCACCAGC TGCCCGTCTC GCTGAGCAGT GCCCGGCAGA GGCAGCTGTT CAAGGCCCGG 481 GGCTTCCTGC CGCTGTCCCA CTTCCTGCCC ATGCTGCCCA GCAGCCCCGC GGGACCCGTG 541 CCCCGAGAGC GCCCCTCGGA GCCGGACGAG TTCTCTTCGC CCCTGGAAAC AGACAGCATG 601 GACCCTTTTG GGATTGCCAA CAACCTGAGG CTGGTGAGAA GTCCCAGCTT TCAGGAATAA Ornithorhynchus anatinus gene coding sequence (1-185) (platypus) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 301) (GenBank Accession No. XM_001506664, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGCTTTCCT GTGTGGTTTT GCCTAGTCTG CTGGAGATCA AGGCGGTGGC CGTGCGCACG 61 GTGGCCATCA AAGGGGTCCA CATCTCTCGG TACCTCTGCA TGGAAGAGGA TGGGAAAACT 121 CCATGGGCAC GTCTGCTGGA GATCAAGGCG GTGGCCGTGC GCACGGTGGC CATCAAAGGG 181 GTCCACAGCT CTCGGTACCT CTGCATGGAA GAGGATGGAA AACTCCATGG GCAGATTTGG 241 TATTCTGCAG AAGACTGTGC TTTTGAAGAG GAAATACGTC CAGATGGCTA CAATGTGTAT 301 AAATCTAAGA AATATGGTGT TCCTGTTTCT TTAAGCAGCG CCAAACAAAG GCAGCAATTC 361 AAAGGAAGAG ACTTTCTGCC TCTTTCTCGT TTCTTGCCAA TGATCAACAC AGTGCCTGTG 421 GAGCCAGCAG AGTTTGGGGA CTATGCCGAT TACTTTGAAT CAGATATATT TTCCTCACCT 481 CTGGAAACTG ACAGCATGGA CCCATTTAGA ATTGCCCCTA AACTGTCCCC TGTAAAGAGC 541 CCCAGCTTTC AGAAATAA Monodelphis domestica gene coding sequence (1-212) (opossum) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 302) (GenBank Accession No. XM_001373653, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGGCCCAGC TCCTGGCCCC GCTCCTCACC CTGGCTGCTC TCTGGCTGGC CCCGACGGCG 61 CGTGCCCGAC CGCTGGTGGA CGCCGGGCCT CACGTCTACT ACGGCTGGGG GGAGCCCATT 121 CGTCTGCGGC ATCTCTACAC GGCCAATCGG CACGGGCTCG CCAGCTTCTC CTTCCTCCGG 181 ATCCACCGCG ACGGCCGCGT GGACGGCAGC CGGAGTCAGA GCGCGCTCAG TTTGCTGGAG 241 ATCAAGGCGG TAGCTCTTCG GATGGTGGCG ATCAAAGGTG TCCATAGCTC TCGGTACCTG 301 TGTATGGGAG ACGCCGGGAA ACTCCAGGGA TCGGTGAGGT TCTCGGCCGA GGACTGCACC 361 TTCGAGGAGC AGATTCGCCC CGACGGCTAC AACGTGTACC AGTCCCCCAA GTACAACCTC 421 CCCGTCTCGC TCTGCACTGA CAAGCAGAGG CAGCAGGCCC ACGGCAAGGA GCACCTGCCC 481 CTGTCCCACT TCCTGCCCAT GATCAATGCT ATTCCTTTGG AGGCCGAGGA GCCCGAGGGC 541 CCCAGGATGT TGGCGGCGCC TCTGGAGACG GACAGCATGG ACCCCTTCGG CCTCACCTCC 601 AAGCTGTTGC CGGTCAAGAG CCCCAGCTTT CAGAAATAA Anolis carolinensis gene coding sequence (1-220) (anole lizard) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 303) (GenBank Accession No. XM_003214667, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGTGTCGGC GGGCGTTGCC TCTGCTGGGG GCCCTTCTGG GCTTGGCGGC CGTGGCCTCC 61 CGCGCCCTCC CGCTCACCGA CGCCGGGCCC CACGTCAGCT ACGGCTGGGG GGAGCCCGTC 121 CGGCTCAGGC ACCTCTACAC CGCGGGGCGG CAGGGCCTCT TCAGCCAGTT CCTCCGCATC 181 CACGCCGACG GGAGAGTCGA CGGCGCCGGC AGCCAGAACC GGCAGAGTTT GCTGGAGATC 241 CGCGCGGTCT CGTTGCGCGC CGTGGCCCTC AAAGGCGTGC ACAGCTCCCG CTACCTCTGC 301 ATGGAGGAGG ACGGCCGGCT CCGCGGGATG CTCAGATATT CTGCAGAAGA CTGTTCCTTT 361 GAAGAGGAGA TGCGTCCAGA TGGCTACAAT ATCTACAAGT CAAAGAAATA CGGAGTTTTG 421 GTCTCCCTAA GTAATGCCAG ACAAAGACAG CAATTCAAAG GGAAAGATTT TCTTCCTTTG 481 TCTCATTTCT TGCCGATGAT CAACACTGTG CCAGTGGAGT CTGCAGACTT TGGAGAGTAT 541 GGTGACACCA GGCAGCATTA TGAATCGGAT ATTTTCAGTT CACGTCTTGA AACTGACAGC 601 ATGGACCCTT TTGGCCTCAC TTCAGAAGTG TCATCAGTAC AAAGTCCTAG CTTTGGGAAA 661 TAA Ochotona princeps gene coding sequence (1-214, excluding 78-112)(pika) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 304) (Ensembl Accession No. ENSOPRT00000010769, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 GTGCGGAGCA GGGGAGCCAT GGCCCGCGCT CTGGTTCTAG CCACTCTCTG GCTGGCCGCG 61 ACGGGGCGGC CGCTGGCCTT GTCCGACGCG GGGCCGCACC TGCACTACGG CTGGGGCGAG 121 CCCATCCGCC TGCGGCACCT GTACGCCACC AGCGCCCACG GCCTCTCGCA CTGCTTTTTG 181 CGCATCCGTA CCGACGGCAC CGTGGACTGC GAGCGCAGCC AGAGCGCGCA CA-------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 242 ---------- ---------- ---------- ------CTAC AGTACTCGGA GGAGGACTGC 266 GCCTTCGAAG AGGAGATCAG CTCTGGCTAT AACGTGTACC GCTCCAGGAG GTACCAGCTG 326 CCCGTGTCCC TGGGCAGCGC CAGGCAGAGG CAGCTGCAGC GGAGCCGTGG CTTCCTGCCC 386 CTGTCCCACT TCCTGCCGGT GCTGCCCGCG GCCTCGGAGG AGGTGGCGGC CCCCGCTGAC 446 CACCCGCAAG CAGACCCTTT CTCGCCCCTG GAGACCGACA GCATGGACCC ATTTGGAATG 506 GCCACCAAGC GGGGGCTGGT GAAGAGCCCC AGCTTCCAGA AGTGA Cavia porcellus gene coding sequence (1-221)(guinea pig) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 305) (Ensembl Accession No. ENSCPOT00000008222, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGTGGAGTG CGCCGAGCGG ATGTGTGGTG ATCCGCGCCC TGGTCCTGGC TGGCCTGTGG 61 CTGGCGGTGG CGGGGCGCCC CCTGGCCCGG CGGTCTCTCG CGCTATCTGA CCAGGGGCCG 121 CACTTGTACT ACGGCTGGGA CCAGCCGATC CGCCTTCGGC ACCTGTACGC CGCGGGCCCC 181 TACGGCCGCT CGCGCTGCTT CCTGCGCATT CACACGGACG GCGCGGTGGA CTGCGTCGAG 241 GAACAGAGCG AGCACTGTTT GCTGGAGATC AGAGCAGTCG CTCTGGAGAC CGTGGCCATC 301 AAGGACATAA ACAGCGTCCG GTACCTGTGC ATGGGCCCCG ACGGCAGGAT GCGGGGCCTG 361 CCCTGGTATT CGGAGGAGGA CTGTGCCTTC AAGGAAGAGA TCAGCTACCC GGGCTACAGC 421 GTGTACCGCT CCCAGAAGCA CCACCTCCCC ATCGTGCTGA GCAGTGTCAA GCAGAGGCAG 481 CAGTACCAGA GCAAGGGGGT GGTGCCCCTG TCCTACTTCC TGCCCATGCT GCCCAAGGCC 541 TCTGTGGAGC CCAGCGACGA GGAGGAATCC AGCGTGTTCT CGTTGCCCCT GAAGACGGAC 601 AGCATGGACC CCTTTGGGAT GGCCAGTGAG ATCGGGCTGG TGAAGAGTCC CAGCTTTCAG 661 AAGTAA Tupaia belangeri gene coding sequence (1-219, excluding 116-138)(tree shrew) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 306) (from Ensembl Accession No. ENSTBET00000000307, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGAGGAGAA CACCGAGCGG GTTTGCAGTG GCCCGTGTCC TCTTCCTGGG CAGCCTTTGG 61 CTGGCCGCAG CCGGGAGCCC CTTGGCCCTG TCCGACGCCG GGCCGCATGT GAACTACGGC 121 TGGGATGAGT CCATACGCCT GCGACACTTG TACACCGCCA GCCCGCACGG CTCCACCAGC 181 TGCTTCTTGC GCATCCGTGA CGACGGCTCA GTGGACTGCG CGCGGGGCCA GAGTTTGCAC 241 AGTTTGCTGG AGATCAAGGC AGTCGCTTTG CAGACCGTGG CCATCAAAGG CGTGTACAGT 301 GTCCGCTACC TCTGCATGGA CGCCGACGGC AGGATGCAGG GGCTG----- ---------- 361 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- NNGGTCCACG 369 AAGCACGGCC TCCCAGTCTC CCTGAGCAGT GCCAAGCAGA GGCAGCTGTT AACGGTTAGG 429 GGCTTTCCTT CCCTTCCCCA CTTCCTGCTC ATGATGGCCA AGACTTCAGC AGGGCCTGGA 489 AACCCCAGGG ACCACCCAGG GTCTAACACT TTCTCGTTGC CCCTGGAAAC TGATAGCATG 549 GACCCATTTG GGATGACCAC CAGACATGGG CTGGTGAAGA GTCCCAGCTT TCAAAACTAA Rattus norvegicus gene coding sequence (1-218)(Norway rat) FGF15(GenBank Accession No. NM_130753, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (SEQ ID NO: 307) 1 ATGGCGAGAA AGTGGAGTGG GCGTATTGTG GCCCGAGCTC TGGTCCTGGC CACTCTGTGG 61 CTGGCCGTGT CTGGGCGTCC CCTGGTCCAG CAATCCCAGT CTGTGTCGGA TGAAGGTCCA 121 CTCTTTCTCT ATGGCTGGGG CAAGATTACC CGCCTGCAGT ACCTGTACTC TGCTGGTCCC 181 TACGTCTCCA ACTGCTTCCT GCGTATCCGG AGTGACGGCT CTGTGGACTG CGAGGAGGAC 241 CAGAACGAAC GAAATCTGTT GGAGTTCCGC GCGGTTGCTC TGAAGACAAT TGCCATCAAG 301 GACGTCAGCA GCGTGCGGTA CCTCTGCATG AGCGCCGACG GCAAGATATA CGGGCTGATT 361 CGCTACTCGG AGGAAGACTG TACCTTCAGG GAGGAAATGG ACTGTTTGGG CTACAACCAG 421 TACAGGTCCA TGAAGCACCA CCTCCACATC ATCTTCATCA AGGCCAAGCC CAGAGAGCAG 481 CTCCAGGGCC AGAAACCTTC AAACTTTATC CCCATATTTC ACCGGTCTTT CTTTGAATCC 541 ACGGACCAGC TGAGGTCTAA AATGTTCTCT CTGCCCCTGG AGAGCGACAG CATGGATCCG 601 TTCAGAATGG TGGAGGATGT GGACCACCTA GTGAAGAGTC CCAGCTTCCA GAAATGA Mus musculus gene coding sequence (1-218)(house mouse) FGF15 (SEQ ID NO: 308) (GenBank Accession No. NM_008003, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 148                              ATG GCGAGAAAGT GGAACGGGCG TGCGGTGGCC 181 CGAGCCCTGG TCCTGGCCAC TCTGTGGCTG GCTGTGTCTG GGCGTCCCCT GGCTCAGCAA 241 TCCCAGTCTG TGTCAGATGA AGATCCACTC TTTCTCTACG GCTGGGGCAA GATTACCCGC 301 CTGCAGTACC TGTACTCCGC TGGTCCCTAT GTCTCCAACT GCTTCCTCCG AATCCGGAGC 361 GACGGCTCTG TGGACTGCGA GGAGGACCAA AACGAACGAA ATTTGTTGGA ATTCCGCGCG 421 GTCGCTCTGA AGACGATTGC CATCAAGGAC GTCAGCAGCG TGCGGTACCT CTGCATGAGC 481 GCGGACGGCA AGATATACGG GCTGATTCGC TACTCGGAGG AAGACTGTAC CTTCAGGGAG 541 GAAATGGACT GTTTAGGCTA CAACCAGTAC AGATCCATGA AGCACCATCT CCATATCATC 601 TTCATCCAGG CCAAGCCCAG AGAACAGCTC CAGGACCAGA AACCCTCAAA CTTTATCCCC 661 GTGTTTCACC GCTCCTTCTT TGAAACCGGG GACCAGCTGA GGTCTAAAAT GTTCTCCCTG 721 CCCCTGGAGA GTGACAGCAT GGATCCGTTC AGGATGGTGG AGGATGTAGA CCACCTAGTG 781 AAGAGTCCCA GCTTCCAGAA ATGA Gallus gallus gene coding sequence (1-227)(chicken) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 309) (GenBank Accession No. NM_204674, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 127       ATGG GGCCGGCCCG CCCCGCCGCA CCCGGCGCTG CCCTGGCGCT GCTGGGGATC 181 GCCGCCGCCG CCGCCGCCGC CAGGTCCCTG CCGCTGCCCG ACGTCGGGGG TCCGCACGTC 241 AACTACGGCT GGGGGGAACC CATCCGGCTG CGGCACCTAC TACACCGCCC AGGCAAGCAC 301 GGGCTCTTCA GCTGCTTCCT GCGCATCGGC GGCGACGGCC GGGTGGACGC TGTCGGTAGC 361 CAGAGCCCGC AGAGTCTGTT GGAGATCCGC GCCGTGGCGG TGCGCACCGT GGCCATCAAG 421 GGCGTGCAGA GCTCCCGCTA CCTCTGCATG GACGAGGCGG GGCGGCTGCA CGGGCAGCTC 481 AGCTATTCCA TTGAGGACTG TTCCTTTGAA GAGGAGATTC GTCCAGACGG CTACAACGTG 541 TATAAATCAA AGAAATACGG GATATCGGTG TCTTTGAGCA GTGCCAAACA AAGACAGCAA 601 TTCAAAGGAA AAGATTTTCT CCCGCTGTCT CACTTCTTAC CCATGATCAA CACTGTGCCA 661 GTGGAGGTGA CAGACTTTGG TGAATATGGT GATTACAGCC AGGCTTTTGA GCCAGAGGTC 721 TACTCATCGC CTCTCGAAAC GGACAGCATG GATCCCTTTG GGATCACTTC CAAACTGTCT 781 CCAGTGAAGA GCCCCAGCTT TCAGAAATGA Taeniopygia guttata gene coding sequence (1-237)(zebra finch) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 310) (GenBank Accession No. XM_002194457, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGGTTATCA TAAGCAATCT ATATCTGATG CAGAACGATG TTATGATGAA TATGAGGCGA 61 GCACCCCTTC GCGTTCACGC TGCTCGCTCT TCGGCCACCC CTGCCTCCGC GCTGCCGCTG 121 CCGCCGCCCG ACGCCGGCCC GCACCTCAAA TACGGCTGGG GAGAGCCCAT CCGGCTGCGG 181 CACCTCTACA CCGCCAGCAA GCACGGGCTC TTCAGCTGCT TCCTGCGTAT CGGCGCTGAC 241 GGCCGGGTGG ACGCGGCCGG CAGCCAGAGC CCGCAGAGCC TGCTAGAGAT CCGCGCCGTG 301 GCCGTGCGCA CCGTGGCCAT CAAGGGCGTG CAGAGCTCCC GGTACCTGTG CATGGACGAG 361 GCGGGGCGGC TGCACGGGCA GCTCAGGAAT TCCACTGAAG ACTGCTCCTT TGAGGAGGAG 421 ATTCGCCCAG ACGGCTACAA TGTGTATAGA TCTAAAAAAC ATGGAATATC GGTGTCTTTG 481 AGCAGTGCCA AACAAAGACA GCAGTTCAAG GGGAAAGATT TCCTTCCCCT GTCTCACTTC 541 TTGCCCATGA TCAACACTGT GCCCATGGAG TCAGCAGACT TTGGTGAATA TGGTGATTAC 601 AGCCAGGCCT TTGAGGCAGA GGCCTTCTCC TCACCTCTGG AGACGGACAG CATGGACCCC 661 TTTGGCATCG CCTCCAAACT GTCCCTAGTG AAGAGCCCTA GCTTCCAAAA CTGA Danio rerio gene coding sequence (1-210)(zebrafish) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 311) (GenBank Accession No. NM_001012246, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGCTCCTCT TACTCTTTGT CACTGTTTGT GGAAGTATCG GCGTGGAGAG CCTCCCGTTG 61 CCCGACTCTG GTCCACATTT GGCAAATGAC TGGAGTGAAG CCGTCCGGCT ACGACATCTG 121 TACGCAGCCA GACATGGCTT ACATCTGCAA ATAAACACAG ACGGAGAAAT CATTGGATCC 181 ACATGCAAAG CTCGGACAGT AAGTTTGATG GAGATATGGC CGGTGGACAC AGGCTGCGTA 241 GCCATTAAGG GAGTTGCAAG CTCCCGATTT CTTTGCATGG AAAGACTGGG AAACCTGTAC 301 GGATCGCACA TTTACACTAA AGAGGACTGC TCTTTTTTGG AACGCATCCT TCCAGACGGC 361 TACAACGTCT ACTTCTCGAG CAAACACGGA GCTCTTGTGA CTTTAAGTGG TGCGAAAAAC 421 AAGTTGCACA GTAACGATGG GACTTCTGCA TCCCAGTTCC TCCCCATGAT CAACACACTT 481 TCAGAGGAAC ACACTAAACA GCACTCAGGG GAACAGCACT CTTCTGTTAA CCATGGACAG 541 GACCATCAGT TGGGCCTTGA AATAGACAGT ATGGACCCTT TCGGAAAGAT CTCTCAAATA 601 GTGATCCAGA GTCCCAGCTT CAACAAAAGA TGA Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis gene coding sequence (1-215)(Western clawed frog) FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 312) (GenBank Accession No. NM_001142825, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGTGGAAGA CCCTGCCTTG GATTTTGGTT CCCATGATGG TGGCCGTGCT GTATTTCCTC 61 GGAGGGGCGG AAAGTCTGCC GCTTTTTGAT GCCGGGCCGC ACATGCAGAA CGGCTGGGGG 121 GAGTCGATCA GAATTCGGCA CCTGTATACG GCCAGGAGGT TCGGGCACGA CAGCTACTAC 181 CTCCGGATAC ACGAGGATGG CAGAGTCGAT GGTGACAGGC AACAAAGCAT GCACAGTTTA 241 TTGGAAATCA GAGCAATTGC AGTTGGAATT GTTGCCATTA AAGGGTATCG CAGCTCTCTG 301 TACCTGTGCA TGGGGTCCGA GGGAAAACTC TATGGAATGC ACAGTTACTC CCAGGATGAT 361 TGCTCTTTTG AAGAGGAGCT TCTCCCGGAT GGATACAACA TGTATAAATC AAGGAAACAT 421 GGCGTTGCTG TCTCCCTAAG CAAGGAGAAG CAGAAGCAAC AATACAAAGG AAAGGGCTAC 481 CTCCCGTTGT CCCATTTCCT ACCCGTGATA AGCTGGGTGC CCATGGAGCC CACCGGAGAT 541 GTAGAAGATG ATATCTACAG GTTTCCATTC AATACGGACA CAAAAAGTGT CATTGACAGC 601 CTTGATACCC TGGGACTAAT GGATTTTTCG AGTTATCACA AGAAATAG Otolemur garnettii (bushbaby) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-219)(SEQ ID NO: 313) (Ensembl accession no. ENSOGAT00000031686, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGCCCAGCG GGCTGAGAGG GCGTGTGGTA GCCGGCGCCC TGGCCCTGGC CAGCTTCTGG 61 CTGGCCGTGG CCGGGCGCCC GCTGGCCTTC TCGGATGCCG GCCCTCACGT GCACTACGGC 121 TGGGGTGAGC CCATCCGCCT GCGACACCTG TACACCGCCG GCCCCCACGG CCTCTCCAGC 181 TGCTTCCTGC GCGTACGCAC CGACGGTGCG GTAGACTGCG CGCGGGGCCA GAGCGCACAC 241 AGTTTGCTGG AAATCAGGGC CGTCGCTCTC CGGACCGTGG CCATCAAAGG CGTGCACAGC 301 GCGCGGTACC TCTGCATGGG CGCCGACGGC AGGATGCAGG GGCTGCCTCA GTACTCGGAG 361 GAAGACTGTG CCTTTGAGGA GGAGATCCGG CCAGACGGCT ACAACGTCTA CTGGTCTGAG 421 AAGCACCGCC TGCCGGTGTC TCTGAGCAGT GCCCGGCAGA GGCAGCTGTA CAAGGGCAGG 481 GGCTTTCTGC CGCTCTCTCA CTTCCTGCCC ATGCTGCCTG TGACCCCAGC CGAGCCCGGG 541 GACCTCAGAG ACCACCTGGA ATCCGACATG TTCTCTTTGC CCCTGGAAAC TGACAGCATG 601 GATCCATTTG GGATCGCCAC CAGACTGGGC GTGGTGAAGA GTCCCAGCTT TCAGAAATGA Felis catus (cat) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-219)(SEQ ID NO: 314) (Ensembl accession no. ENSFCAT00000026317, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGCGGAGCG CGCCGAGCCA GTGCGCGGTA ACCCGCGCCC TGGTCCTAGC CGGTCTCTGG 61 CTGGCAGCAG CCGGGCGCCC CCTAGCCTTC TCGGACGCGG GGCCTCACGT GCACTACGGC 121 TGGGGTGAGC CCATCCGCCT GCGGCACCTG TACACCGCCG GCCCCCACGG CCTCTCCAGC 181 TGCTTCCTGC GCATCCGAGC CGACGGGGGG GTTGACTGCG CGCGGAGCCA GAGCGCGCAC 241 AGTTTGGTGG AGATCAGGGC AGTCGCTCTG CGGACCGTGG CCATCAAGGG CGTGCACAGC 301 GTCCGGTACC TCTGCATGGG CGCCGACGGC AGGATGCAAG GGCTGCTTCA GTACTCTGCT 361 GGGGACTGTG CCTTCCAAGA GGAGATCCGC CCCGACGGCT ACAATGTGTA CCGGTCCGAG 421 AAGCACCGTC TCCCCGTCTC TTTGAGTAGT GCCATACAGA GGCAGCTGTA CAAGGGCAGA 481 GGGTTTTTGC CCCTGTCCCA TTTCTTGCCC ATGCTGCCCG GCAGCCCAGC AGAGCCCAGG 541 GACCTCCAGG ACCACGTGGA GTCGGAGAGG TTTTCTTCAC CCCTGGAAAC AGACAGCATG 601 GACCCTTTTG GGATTGCCAC CAAAATGGGG TTAGTGAAGA GTCCCAGCTT CCAAAAGTAA Pelodiscus sinensis (Chinese softshell turtle) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-223)(SEQ ID NO: 315) (Ensembl accession no. ENSPSIT00000010427, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 241                                    ATGTGGAG GAGCCTGTGC AAATCTCACA 301 CGTCTCTGGC TCTGCTGGGA CTCTGCTTTG CGGTGGTCGT GAGATCTCTG CCTTTCTCGG 361 ATGCAGGGCC ACATGTGAAC TATGGCTGGG GGGAGCCTAT TCGATTAAGG CACCTATACA 421 CCGCCAGCAG ACACGGGCTG TTCAATTACT TCCTGAGGAT CAGCAGTGAT GGCAAAGTGG 481 ATGGCACCAG CATTCAGAGT CCTCACAGTC TGCTGGAAAT CAGGGCTGTG GCAGTTCGCA 541 CGGTGGCGAT CAAGGGCGTC CACAGTTCCC GGTACCTCTG CATGGAAGAA GACGGGAAGC 601 TGCATGGACT TCTCAGGTAT TCTACAGAAG ATTGCTCCTT TGAAGAGGAG ATACGCCCAG 661 ATGGCTACAA TGTATATAAA TCAAAGAAAT ATGGAATCTC TGTGTCCTTA AGTAGTGCCA 721 AACAAAGACA ACAATTCAAA GGAAAAGACT TTCTTCCATT GTCTCACTTC TTGCCTATGA 781 TCAATACAGT ACCTGTGGAG TCAATGGATT TTGGAGAATA TGGTGATTAT AGTCATACTT 841 TTGAATCAGA TCTATTCTCT TCACCTCTCG AAACTGACAG CATGGATCCC TTTGGAATCA 901 CCTCTAAAAT ATCTCCAGTG AAGAGCCCCA GCTTTCAGAA ATAA Latimeria chalumnae (coelacanth) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-217) (SEQ ID NO: 316) (Ensembl accession no. ENSLACT00000014697, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGTTACAGG CACTGTACAA TCTCTGTACA GCTCTAGTTT TGTTTAAGCT TCCTTTTGCA 61 ATGGTGGGGT ACACCCTGCC TTCTGCCAAT GAAGGGCCCC ATCTGAACTA TGACTGGGGA 121 GAATCTGTAA GACTCAAACA TCTGTACACA TCTAGCAAGC ATGGATTGAT CAGTTACTTT 181 TTACAGATCA ATGATGATGG CAAAGTAGAT GGGACCACTA CACGAAGCTG TTATAGTTTG 241 CTCGAAATAA AATCAGTGGG GCCAGGAGTT TTGGCAATTA AAGGCATACA GAGCTCCAGA 301 TACCTTTGTG TCGAGAAGGA TGGAAAATTG CATGGATCGC GCACTTATTC AGCAGACGAT 361 TGCTCCTTCA AAGAGGATAT ACTCCCAGAT GGTTACACTA TCTACGTGTC AAAGAAACAT 421 GGATCTGTTG TTAATCTGAG CAACCACAAA CAGAAACGTC AGAGAAATCG CAGAACCCTG 481 CCTCCATTTT CTCAGTTCCT ACCGCTTATG GACACCATTC GTGTGGAGTG CATGAACTGC 541 GGGGAGCACT GTGACGACAA CCTGCATGAC GAGCTAGAAA CAGGACTGTC CATGGATCCC 601 TTTGAAAGTA CATCCAAAAA ATCCTTTCAG AGTCCCAGCT TTCACAATAG ATAA Mustela putorius furo (ferret) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-219)(SEQ ID NO: 317) (Ensembl accession no. ENSMPUT00000004650, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 421     ATGCGG AGCGCCGCGA GTCGGTGCGC GGTAGCCCGC GCGCTGGTCC TAGCCGGCCT 481 TTGGCTGGCC GCAGCCGGGC GCCCCCTAGC CTTCTCGGAC GCGGGGCCGC ACGTGCACTA 541 TGGCTGGGGT GAGCCCATCC GCCTACGGCA CCTGTACACC GCCGGCCCCC ACGGCCTCTC 601 CAGCTGCTTC CTGCGCATCC GTGCCGACGG CGGGGTTGAC TGCGCGCGGG GCCAGAGCGC 661 GCACAGTTTG GTGGAGATCC GGGCAGTCGC TCTGCGGACG GTGGCCATCA AGGGCGTGTA 721 CAGCGACCGC TATCTCTGCA TGGGTGCGGA CGGCAGGATG CAAGGGCTGC CTCAGTACTC 781 CGCCGGAGAC TGTGCTTTCG AGGAGGAGAT CCGCCCTGAT GGCTACAACG TGTACCGGTC 841 CAAGAAGCAC CGTCTCCCCG TCTCCCTGAG CAGTGCGAAA CAAAGGCAGC TGTACAAGGA 901 CCGGGGCTTT TTGCCTCTGT CCCATTTCTT GCCCATGCTG CCCGGGAGCC TGGCGGAGCC 961 CAGGGACCTC CAGGACCACG TGGAGGCTGA TGGGTTTTCT GCCCCCCTAG AAACAGACAG 1021 CATGGACCCT TTTGGGATTG CCACCAAAAT GGGACTAGTG AAGAGTCCCA GCTTCCAAAA 1081 ATGA Takifugu rubripes (fugu) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-218)(SEQ ID NO: 318) (Ensembl accession no. ENSTRUT00000007155, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 TCATCTACAA GGATTAGTGG AAACATGGTT CTCCTCATGC TCCCCATCAC CGTTGCAAAC 61 CTCTTCCTCT GTGCTGGAGT TCTCTCCTTG CCTTTGTTGG ATCAAGGGTC TCATTTTCCC 121 CAAGGCTGGG AACAGGTAGT CCGCTTCAGG CACCTGTATG CTGCCAGTGC AGGGCTGCAC 181 CTGCTGATCA CTGAAGAGGG CTCGATCCAA GGCTCTGCAG ATCCAACTTT ATACAGCCTG 241 ATGGAGATCC GTCCGGTGGA CCCAGGCTGT GTTGTCATTA GAGGAGCAGC AACCACACGC 301 TTCCTCTGCA TAGAAGGTGC TGGAAGACTG TACTCATCAC AGACCTACAG CAAAGACGAC 361 TGTACCTTCA GAGAGCAAAT CCTAGCAGAC GGCTACAGCG TCTACAGATC TGTCGGACAC 421 GGAGCTCTGG TCAGTCTGGG AAACTACCGG CAGCAGCTGA GGGGGGAGGA CTGGAGCGTT 481 CCGACACTGG CTCAGTTCCT CCCCAGAATA AGTTCACTGG ATCAGGACTT TAAAGCTGCT 541 CTTGACGAGA CTGAGAAGCC AGAACAAACT GCACCTCAAA GATCGGAACC TGTCGACATG 601 GTGGACTCAT TTGGAAAGCT CTCTCAGATC ATCCACAGTC CCAGTTTTCA CAAG Equus caballus (horse) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-216, excluding 1-19 and 114-216)(SEQ ID NO: 319) (Ensembl accession no. ENSECAT00000021494, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------GCG 4 GCCGGGCGCC CCCTAGCCTT GTCCGACGCT GGGCCGCACG TGCACTACGG CTGGGGCGAG 64 CCGATCCGCC TGCGGCACCT GTACACCGCC GGCCCCCACG GCCTCTCCAG CTGCTTCCTG 124 CGCATCCGCG CCGATGGCGC CGTGGACTGC GCGCGGGGCC AGAGCGCGCA CAGTTTGGTG 184 GAGATCAGAG CAGTCGCTCT GCGCACCGTG GCCATCAAGG GCGTGCACAG CGTCCGGTAC 244 CTCTGCATGG GCGCCGACGG CAGGATGCAA GGGCTGGTA Oryzias latipes (medaka) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-209)(SEQ ID NO: 320) (Ensembl accession no. ENSORLT00000000352, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ACCATGCTGC TCATTGTGGT CACCATTTCC ACAATGGTGT TTTCTGACTC TGGAGTTTCC 61 AGCATGCCGC TCTCTGATCA TGGACCCCAC ATCACTCACA GCTGGAGCCA AGTGGTCCGC 121 CTCCGGCACC TGTACGCGGT CAAGCCTGGA CAACATGTCC AGATCAGAGA GGATGGACAC 181 ATCCACGGCT CAGCAGAACA AACTCTGAAC AGCCTGCTGG AGATCCGTCC GGTTGCTCCG 241 GGACGGGTGG TCTTCAGAGG AGTAGCCACC TCAAGGTTTC TGTGCATGGA GAGCGACGGC 301 AGACTCTTCT CCTCACACAC ATTTGACAAG GACAACTGCG TCTTCAGAGA GCAGATCTTG 361 GCAGACGGCT ACAACATCTA CATTTCAGAT CAGCATGGAA CCCTGCTTAG TTTGGGAAAC 421 CACCGGCAAA GGCAGCAGGG TTTAGACCGG GATGTTCCAG CCCTGGCTCA GTTCCTCCCC 481 AGGATCAGCA CCCTGCAGCA GGGCGTGTAC CCAGTGCCAG ACCCCCCCCA CCAGATGAGA 541 ACAATGCAAA CAGAGAAGAC TCTAGATGCC ACGGACACAT TTGGGCAACT CTCTAAAATC 601 ATTCACAGTC CCAGCTTCAA CAAAAGATGA Xiphophorus maculatus (platyfish) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-207) (SEQ ID NO: 321) (Ensembl accession no. ENSXMAT00000001519, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1                                                               ATG 4 TTTGTGTTCA TTCTATGCAT TGCTGGTGAA CTTTTTACTC TGGGAGTATT TTGCATGCCA 64 ATGATGGACC AGGGGCCACT TGTCACCCAT GGCTGGGGCC AGGTGGTCCG GCACCGGCAT 124 CTGTATGCAG CCAAGCCAGG ACTGCACCTA CTGATCAGTG AGGATGGACA AATCCACGGT 184 TCCGCAGATC AAACTCTTTA CAGCCTGCTG GAGATCCAAC CTGTTGGCCC CGGACGTGTT 244 GTGATCAAAG GAGTGGCAAC CACACGCTTC CTCTGCATGG AGAGCGACGG CAGATTGTAC 304 TCAACTGAAA CATACAGCAG AGCTGACTGC ACCTTCAGAG AACAGATCCA GGCAGACGGC 364 TACAACGTCT ACACCTCTGA TAGCCATGGA GCCCTCCTCA GTTTGGGAAA CAACCAGCAA 424 AGACACAGCG GCTCAGACCG TGGTGTTCCA GCTCTGGCCC GCTTTCTTCC CAGGTTAAAC 484 ACCCTTCAGC AGGCCGTCCC CACAGAGCCG GATGTTCCTG ATCAGCTCAG TCCAGAGAAA 544 GTACAACAGA CTGTGGACAT GGTGGCCTCC TTTGGCAAGC TCTCTCATAT AATTCACAGT 604 CCCAGCTTCC ATAAGAGATG A Ictidomys tridecemlineatus (squirrel) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-220) (SEQ ID NO: 322) (Ensembl accession no. ENSSTOT00000026298, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGCGGAGCG CGCCGAGCGG ACGTGCCTTA GCCCGCGCCC TGGTGCTGGC CAGCCTCTGG 61 TTGGCAGTGG CCGGACGACC CCTGGCCCGG CGCTCTCTGG CTCTCTCCGA CCAGGGGCCA 121 CACTTGTACT ATGGCTGGGA TCAGCCCATC CGCCTCCGGC ACCTGTACGC CGCGGGCCCC 181 TACGGCTTCT CCAACTGTTT CCTGCGCATC CGCACCGACG GCGCCGTGGA CTGCGAGGAG 241 AAGCAGAGCG AGCGTAGTTT GATGGAGATC AGGGCGGTCG CTCTGGAGAC TGTGGCCATC 301 AAGGACATAA ACAGCGTCCG GTACCTCTGC ATGGGCGCCG ACGGCAGGAT ACAGGGACTG 361 CCTCGGTACT CGGAGGAAGA GTGCACGTTC AAGGAGGAGA TCAGCTATGA CGGCTACAAC 421 GTGTACCGGT CCCAGAAGTA CCACCTTCCC GTGGTGCTCA GCAGTGCCAA GCAGCGGCAG 481 CTGTACCAGA GCAAGGGCGT GGTTCCCCTG TCCTACTTCC TGCCCATGCT GCCCCTGGCC 541 TCTGCGGAGA CCAGGGACCG CTTGGAATCC GATGTGTTCT CTTTACCTCT GGAAACTGAC 601 AGCATGGACC CGTTTGGGAT GGCCAGTGAA GTGGGCCTGA AGAGCCCCAG CTTCCAGAAG 661 TAA Gasterosteus aculeatus (stickleback) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-203) (SEQ ID NO: 323) (Ensembl accession no. ENSGACT00000018770, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 ATGCTGCTGC TGCTGGTCCC CGCGTACGTT GCCAGTGTGT TTTTAGCTCT CGGGGTTGTT 61 TGCTTGCCCC TAACAGATCA GGGTCTCCAC ATGGCCGACG ACTGGGGCCA GTCGGTCCGA 121 CTCAAGCACC TGTACGCCGC CAGCCCGGGA CTCCACCTGC TGATCGGGGA GGATGGTCGG 181 ATCCAAGGCT CGGCGCAGCA AAGCCCCTAC AGCCTGCTGG AGATCAGTGC AGTGGATCCG 241 GGCTGTGTGG TCATCAGAGG AGTAGCAACC GCACGGTTTC TCTGCATCGA AGGCGATGGA 301 AGACTGTACT CATCGGACAC CTACAGCAGA GACGACTGCA CCTTCAGGGA GCAGATCCTC 361 CCGGACGGCT ACAGCGTCTA CGTCTCCCAT GGACACGGGG CCCTGCTCAG CCTGGGGAAC 421 CACAGGCAGA GGCTGCAGGG TCGAGACCAC GGCGTGCCGG CTCTGGCCCA GTTCCTCCCG 481 AGGGTCAGCA CCATGGATCA GGCCTCGGCC CCCGACGCGC CCGGGCAGAC CGCCACCGAG 541 ACGGAAGAGC CCGTGGACTC GTTTGGAAAG CTCTCTCAGA TCATTCACAG TCCCAGCTTC 601 CACGAGAGAT GA Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-208)(SEQ ID NO: 324) (Ensembl accession no. ENSONIT00000022816, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 55                                                            ATGCTG 61 CTGCTCCTCA TCGTATCCAT TGTCAATATG CTTTTTGGTG TTGGAATGGT TTGCATGCCC 121 CTGTCAGACA ACGGGCCCCA CATCGCCCAC GGCTGGGCCC AGGTGGTCCG GCTCAGGCAC 181 CTTTACGCCA CCAGACCGGG AATGCACCTG CTGATCAGTG AGGGTGGACA GATCCGTGGT 241 TCTGCCGTCC AGACTCTGCA CAGCCTAATG GAGATTCGTC CAGTCGGTCC AGGCCGTGTT 301 GTCATCAGAG GGGTAGCAAC CGCAAGGTTT CTCTGCATAG AAGACGACGG CACACTGTAC 361 TCATCGCACG CCTACAGCAG AGAGGACTGC ATCTTCAGAG AGCAGATCTT GCCAGATGGG 421 TACAACATCT ACATCTCTGA CAGACATGGA GTCCTGCTCA GTCTGGGAAA CCACCGGCAA 481 AGACTGCAGG GCTTAGACCG AGGAGATCCA GCCCTGGCCC AGTTCCTCCC CAGGATCAGC 541 ACTCTGAATC AAATCCCTTC CCCTGGGGCA AACATCGGTG ACCACATGAA AGTAGCAAAA 601 ACAGAAGAAC CTGTGGACAC AATAGATTCA TTTGGAAAGT TCTCTCAGAT CATTGACAGT 607 CCCAGCTTCC ATAAGAGATG A Meleagris gallopavo (turkey) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-216, excluding 1-70)(SEQ ID NO: 325) (Ensembl accession no. ENSMGAT00000011114, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 1 GTAGGCAATC AATCACCACA GAGCATCCTT GAAATAACTG CTGTTGATGT CGGGATCGTC 61 GCTATCAAGG GCTTGTTCTC TGGCAGATAC CTGGCCATGA ACAAAAGGGG CAGGCTTTAT 121 GCATCACTCA GCTATTCCAT TGAGGACTGT TCCTTTGAAG AGGAGATTCG TCCAGATGGC 181 TATAACGTGT ATAAATCAAA GAAATACGGA ATATCAGTGT CTTTGAGCAG TGCCAAACAA 241 AGACAACAAT TCAAAGGAAA AGATTTTCTC CCACTGTCTC ACTTCTTACC CATGATCAAC 301 ACTGTGCCAG TGGAGGTGAC AGACTTTGGT GAATACGGTG ATTACAGCCA GGCTTTTGAG 361 CCAGAGGTCT ACTCATCGCC TCTCGAAACG GACAGCATGG ATCCCTTTGG GATCACTTCC 421 AAACTGTCTC CAGTGAAGAG CCCCAGCTTT CAGAAA Papio anubis (olive baboon) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-216)(SEQ ID NO: 326) (GenBank accession no. XM_003909422, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 758                                         ATG AGGAGCGGGT GTGTGGTGGT 781 CCACGCCTGG ATCCTGGCCA GCCTCTGGCT GGCCGTGGCC GGGCGTCCCC TCGCCTTCTC 841 GGACGCGGGG CCCCACGTGC ACTACGGCTG GGGCGACCCC ATCCGCCTGC GGCACCTGTA 901 CACCTCCGGC CCCCACGGGC TCTCCAGCTG CTTCCTGCGC ATCCGCACCG ACGGCGTCGT 961 GGACTGCGCG CGGGGCCAAA GCGCGCACAG TTTGCTGGAG ATCAAGGCAG TAGCTCTGCG 1021 GACCGTGGCC ATCAAGGGCG TGCACAGCGT GCGGTACCTC TGCATGGGCG CCGACGGCAA 1081 GATGCAGGGG CTGCTTCAGT ACTCAGAGGA AGACTGTGCT TTCGAGGAGG AGATCCGCCC 1141 TGATGGCTAC AATGTATACC GATCCCAGAA GCACCGCCTC CCGGTCTCCC TGAGCAGTGC 1201 CAAACAGCGG CAGCTGTACA AGAACAGAGG CTTTCTTCCG CTGTCTCATT TCCTGCCCAT 1261 GCTGCCCATG GCCCCAGAGG AGCCTGAGGA CCTCAGGGGC CCCTTGGAAT CTGACATGTT 1321 CTCTTCGCCC CTGGAGACTG ACAGCATGGA CCCATTTGGG CTTGTCACCG GACTGGAGGC 1381 GGTGAGGAGT CCCAGCTTTG AGAAATAA Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis (Bolivian squirrel monkey) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-216)(SEQ ID NO: 327) (GenBank accession no. XM_003941165, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) 231                                                        ATGCGGAGCG 241 GGTGTGTGGT GGTCCACGCC TGGATCCTGG CTGGCCTCTG GCTGGCTGTG GTCGGGCGCC 301 CCCTCGCCTT CTCCGATGCG GGGCCGCATG TGCATTACGG CTGGGGCGAC CCCATTCGCC 361 TGCGGCACCT GTACACCTCC AGCCCCCACG GCCTCTCCAG CTGCTTCCTG CGCATCCGCA 421 GCGACGGCGT CGTGGACTGC GCGCGGGGCC AGAGCGCGCA CAGTTTGCTG GAGATCAAGG 481 CAGTCGCTCT AAGGACCGTG GCCATCAAGG GCGTGCACAG CTCGCGGTAC CTCTGCATGG 541 GCGCCGACGG CAGGCTGCAG GGGCTGTTCC AGTACTCGGA GGAAGACTGT GCTTTCGAGG 601 AGGAGATCCG CCCCGACGGC TACAATGTGT ACCTATCCGA GAAGCACCGC CTCCCGGTCT 661 CCCTGAGCAG CGCCAAACAG CGGCAGCTGT ACAAGAAACG AGGCTTTCTT CCGCTGTCCC 721 ATTTCCTGCC CATGCTGCCC AGAGCCCCAG AGGAGCCTGA TGACCTCAGG GGCCACTTGG 781 AATCTGACGT GTTCTCTTCA CCCCTGGAGA CTGATAGCAT GGACCCATTT GGGCTTGTCA 841 CGGGACTGGA GGCGGTGAAC AGTCCCAGCT TTGAGAAGTA A Pteropus alecto (black flying fox) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-216) (SEQ ID NO: 328) (generated using SMS Reverse Translate tool on the ExPASy Bioinformatics Resource website (www.expasy.org) 1 ATGCGCAGCC CGTGCGCGGT GGCGCGCGCG CTGGTGCTGG CGGGCCTGTG GCTGGCGAGC 61 GCGGCGGGCC CGCTGGCGCT GAGCGATGCG GGCCCGCATG TGCATTATGG CTGGGGCGAA 121 GCGATTCGCC TGCGCCATCT GTATACCGCG GGCCCGCATG GCCCGAGCAG CTGCTTTCTG 181 CGCATTCGCG CGGATGGCGC GGTGGATTGC GCGCGCGGCC AGAGCGCGCA TAGCCTGGTG 241 GAAATTCGCG CGGTGGCGCT GCGCAACGTG GCGATTAAAG GCGTGCATAG CGTGCGCTAT 301 CTGTGCATGG GCGCGGATGG CCGCATGCTG GGCCTGCTGC AGTATAGCGC GGATGATTGC 361 GCGTTTGAAG AAGAAATTCG CCCGGATGGC TATAACGTGT ATCATAGCAA AAAACATCAT 421 CTGCCGGTGA GCCTGAGCAG CGCGAAACAG CGCCAGCTGT ATAAAGATCG CGGCTTTCTG 481 CCGCTGAGCC ATTTTCTGCC GATGCTGCCG CGCAGCCCGA CCGAACCGGA AAACTTTGAA 541 GATCATCTGG AAGCGGATAC CTTTAGCAGC CCGCTGGAAA CCGATGATAT GGATCCGTTT 601 GGCATTGCGA GCAAACTGGG CCTGGAAGAA AGCCCGAGCT TTCAGAAA Myotis davidii (David's myotis) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-245)(SEQ ID NO: 329) (generated using SMS Reverse Translate tool on the ExPASy Bioinformatics Resource website (www.expasy.org)) 1 ATGAGCGGCC AGAACAGCGG CCGCCATGGC AGCCGCCCGG GCCTGGATGA AGAACCGGAA 61 CCGGGCCCGC TGGAACTGCG CGCGCTGGGC AGCACCCGCG CGGATCCGCA GCTGTGCGAT 121 TTTCTGGAAA ACCATTTTCT GGGCTATACC TGCCTGGAAC TGGATATTTG CCTGGCGACC 181 TATCTGGGCG TGAGCCATTG GGGCGAAAGC ATTCGCCTGC GCCATCTGTA TACCAGCGGC 241 CCGCATGGCC CGAGCAGCTG CTTTCTGCGC ATTCGCGTGG ATGGCGCGGT GGATTGCGCG 301 CGCGGCCAGA GCGCGCATAG CCTGGTGGAA ATTCGCGCGG TGGCGCTGCG CAAAGTGGCG 361 ATTAAAGGCG TGCATAGCGC GCTGTATCTG TGCATGGAAG GCGATGGCCG CATGCGCGGC 421 CTGCCGCAGT TTAGCCCGGA AGATTGCGCG TTTGAAGAAG AAATTCGCCC GGATGGCTAT 481 AACGTGTATC GCAGCCAGAA ACATCAGCTG CCGGTGAGCC TGAGCAGCGC GCGCCAGCGC 541 CAGCTGTTTA AAGCGCGCGG CTTTCTGCCG CTGAGCCATT TTCTGCCGAT GCTGCCGAGC 601 AGCCCGGCGG AACCGGTGCA TCGCGAACGC CCGCTGGAAC CGGATGCGTT TAGCAGCCCG 661 CTGGAAACCG ATAGCATGGA TCCGTTTGGC ATTGCGAACA ACCTGCGCCT GGTGAAAAGC 721 CCGAGCTTTC AGAAA Tupaia chinensis (Chinese tree shrew) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-257, excluding 13-19)(SEQ ID NO: 330) (generated using SMS Reverse Translate tool on the ExPASy Bioinformatics Resource website (www.expasy.org)) 1 ATGCGCCGCA CCTGGAGCGG CTTTGCGGTG GCGACC---- ---------- ----CGCGCG 61 GGCAGCCCGC TGGCGCTGGC GGATGCGGGC CCGCATGTGA ACTATGGCTG GGATGAAAGC 121 ATTCGCCTGC GCCATCTGTA TACCGCGAGC CTGCATGGCA GCACCAGCTG CTTTCTGCGC 181 ATTCGCGATG ATGGCAGCGT GGGCTGCGCG CGCGGCCAGA GCATGCATAG CCTGCTGGAA 241 ATTAAAGCGG TGGCGCTGCA GACCGTGGCG ATTAAAGGCG TGTATAGCGT GCGCTATCTG 301 TGCATGGATA CCGATGGCCG CATGCAGGGC CTGCCGCAGT ATAGCGAAGA AGATTGCACC 361 TTTGAAGAAG AAATTCGCAG CGATGGCCAT AACGTGTATC GCAGCAAAAA ACATGGCCTG 421 CCGGTGAGCC TGAGCAGCGC GAAACAGCGC CAGCTGTATA AAGGCCGCGG CTTTCTGAGC 481 CTGAGCCATT TTCTGCTGAT GATGCCGAAA ACCAGCGCGG GCCCGGGCAA CCCGCGCGAT 541 CAGCGCAACC CGCGCGATCA GCGCGATCCG AACACCTTTA GCCTGCCGCT GGAAACCGAT 601 AGCATGGATC CGTTTGGCAT GACCACCCGC CATGGCCTGC TGCTGGATAG CTGCTGCGCG 661 AGCCTGGTGC TGCTGAACAT TAGCACCGAT GGCGAATTTA GCCCGTATGG CAACATTCTG 721 CGCCCGAGCT TTCGCTTTAA ACTGTTTAAA ATGAAAAAAG TGACCAAC Heterocephalus glaber (naked mole-rat) FGF19 gene coding sequence (1-209) (SEQ ID NO: 331) (generated using SMS Reverse Translate tool on the ExPASy Bioinformatics Resource website (www.expasy.org)) 1 ATGCGCTTTA GCAAAAGCAC CTGCGGCTTT TTTAACCATC AGCGCCTGCA GGCGCTGTGG 61 CTGAGCCTGA GCAGCGTGAA ATGGGTGCTG GATGCGGCGG TGGAAGGCCG CCCGATTCGC 121 CTGCGCCATC TGTATGCGGC GGGCCCGTAT GGCCGCAGCC GCTGCTTTCT GCGCATTCAT 181 ACCGATGGCG CGGTGGATTG CGTGGAAGAA CAGAGCGAAC ATTGCCTGCT GGAAATTCGC 241 GCGGTGGCGC TGGAAACCGT GGCGATTAAA GATATTAACA GCGTGCGCTA TCTGTGCATG 301 GGCCCGGATG GCCGCATGCA GGGCCTGCCG TGGTATAGCG AAGAAGATTG CGCGTTTAAA 361 GAAGAAATTA GCTATCCGGG CTATAGCGTG TATCGCAGCC AGAAACATCA TCTGCCGATT 421 GTGCTGAGCA GCGTGAAACA GCGCCAGCAG TATCAGAGCA AAGGCGTGGT GCCGCTGAGC 481 TATTTTCTGC CGATGCTGCC GAAAGCGAGC GTGGAACCGG GCGATGAAGA AGAAAGCGCG 541 TTTAGCCTGC CGCTGAAAAC CGATAGCATG GATCCGTTTG GCATGGCGAG CGAAATTGGC 601 CTGGCGAAAA GCCCGAGCTT TCAGAAA

In one embodiment of the present invention, the chimeric protein may include one or more substitutions for or additions of amino acids from another FGF. In one embodiment, the C-terminal portion from FGF19 includes a modification that includes a substitution for or addition of amino acid residues from an FGF21 (including a human FGF21 and orthologs of human FGF21). In one embodiment the FGF21 is a human FGF21 protein having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 332 (GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)061986, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) or a portion thereof, as follows:

1 MDSDETGFEH SGLWVSVLAG LLLGACQAHP IPDSSPLLQF GGQVRQRYLY TDDAQQTEAH 61 LEIREDGTVG GAADQSPESL LQLKALKPGV IQILGVKTSR FLCQRPDGAL YGSLHFDPEA 121 CSFRELLLED GYNVYQSEAH GLPLHLPGNK SPHRDPAPRG PARFLPLPGL PPALPEPPGI 181 LAPQPPDVGS SDPLSMVGPS QGRSPSYAS Exemplary substitutions and additions of such residues are shown in FIG. 13.

In one embodiment, the C-terminal portion from FGF19 comprises a modification that includes a substitution of amino acid residues from an FGF21. In one embodiment, the modification comprises a substitution for or addition of amino acid residues 168 to 209 of SEQ ID NO: 332 (FGF21). In one embodiment, the modification is a substitution of amino acid residues from SEQ ID NO: 332 (FGF21) for corresponding amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: 233. The corresponding residues of FGFs may be identified by sequence analysis and/or structural analysis. See FIGS. 2, 11, and 13. In one embodiment, the modification includes a substitution of a contiguous stretch of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, or 42 amino acid residues 168 to 209 of SEQ ID NO: 332 (FGF21) for the corresponding contiguous stretch of amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: 233. In one embodiment, amino acid residues 169 to 173, 169 to 196, or 169 to 203 of SEQ ID NO: 233 are substituted with the corresponding amino acid residues selected from the sequence comprising amino acid residues 168 to 209 of SEQ ID NO: 332 (FGF21).

In one embodiment, the modification includes a substitution of one or more individual amino acid residues from residues 168 to 209 of SEQ ID NO: 332 (FGF21) for the corresponding amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: 233. In one embodiment, the C-terminal portion includes substitutions of one or more of amino acid residues 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 200, 201, 202, 206, 207, 208, 209, 214, 215, or 216 of SEQ ID NO: 1 for the corresponding amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: 332 (FGF21).

In one embodiment of the present invention, the C-terminal portion from FGF19 includes a modification that includes a deletion of amino acid residues that are absent in the corresponding C-terminal portion from FGF21. As shown in FIG. 13, FGF19 residues that are absent in the corresponding C-terminal portion of FGF21 may be identified by sequence analysis and/or structural analysis. In one embodiment, the modification comprises a deletion of amino acid residues selected from residues 204 to 216, 197 to 216, 174 to 216, or 169 to 216 of SEQ ID NO: 233. In one embodiment, the modification comprises a deletion corresponding to amino acid residue 204 of SEQ ID NO: 233. In one embodiment, the modification includes a deletion of amino acid residues 178, 179, 180, 181, and/or 182 of SEQ ID NO: 233 individually or in combination.

Chimeric proteins according to the present invention may be isolated proteins or polypeptides. The isolated chimeric proteins of the present invention may be prepared for use in the above described methods of the present invention using standard methods of synthesis known in the art, including solid phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc or Boc strategies) or solution phase peptide synthesis. Alternatively, peptides of the present invention may be prepared using recombinant expression systems.

Chimeric proteins according to the present invention may be isolated proteins or polypeptides. The isolated chimeric proteins of the present invention may be prepared for use in the above described methods of the present invention using standard methods of synthesis known in the art, including solid phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc or Boc strategies) or solution phase peptide synthesis. Alternatively, peptides of the present invention may be prepared using recombinant expression systems.

In one embodiment, the chimeric protein of the present invention includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 333, SEQ ID NO: 334, SEQ ID NO: 335, or SEQ ID NO: 336, as shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Description of Chimeric Protein Sequence Amino acid sequence of a SEQ ID NO: 333 FGF1/FGF19 chimera composed MAEGEITTFT ALTEKFNLPP GNYKKPKLLY of residues M1 to L150 of human CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ FGF1 harboring LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG K127D/K128Q/K133V triple SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYISKKHAEK mutation (bold) and residues NWFVGLDQNG SCVRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL L169 to K216 of human FGF19 LPMVPEEPED LRGHLESDMF SSPLETDSMD (bold) PFGLVTGLEA VRSPSFEK Amino acid sequence of a SEQ ID NO: 334 FGF1/FGF19 chimera composed                           KPKLLY of residues K25 to L150 of human CSNGGHFLRI LPDGTVDGTR DRSDQHIQLQ FGF1 harboring LSAESVGEVY IKSTETGQYL AMDTDGLLYG K127D/K128Q/K133V triple SQTPNEECLF LERLEENHYN TYISKKHAEK mutation (bold) and residues NWFVGLDQNG SCVRGPRTHY GQKAILFLPL L169 to K216 of human FGF19 LPMVPEEPED LRGHLESDMF SSPLETDSMD (bold) PFGLVTGLEA VRSPSFEK Amino acid sequence of a SEQ ID NO: 335 FGF2/FGF19 chimera composed MAAGSITTLP ALPEDGGSGA FPPGHFKDPK of residues M1 to M151 of human RLYCKNGGFF LRIHPDGRVD GVREKSDPHI FGF2 harboring KLQLQAEERG VVSIKGVCAN RYLAMKEDGR K128D/R129Q/K134V triple LLASKCVTDE CFFFERLESN NYNTYRSRKY mutation (bold) and residues TSWYVALDQT GQYVLGSKTG PGQKAILFLP L169 to K216 of human FGF19 MLPMVPEEPE DLRGHLESDM FSSPLETDSM (bold) DPFGLVTGLE AVRSPSFEK Amino acid sequence of a SEQ ID NO: 336 FGF2/FGF19 chimera composed                           HFKDPK of residues H25 to M151 of RLYCKNGGFF LRIHPDGRVD GVREKSDPHI human FGF2 harboring KLQLQAEERG VVSIKGVCAN RYLAMKEDGR K128D/R129Q/K134V triple LLASKCVTDE CFFFERLESN NYNTYRSRKY mutation (bold) and residues TSWYVALDQT GQYVLGSKTG PGQKAILFLP L169 to K216 of human FGF19 MLPMVPEEPE DLRGHLESDM FSSPLETDSM (bold) DPFGLVTGLE AVRSPSFEK

Chimeric proteins according to the present invention may be isolated proteins or polypeptides. The isolated chimeric proteins of the present invention may be prepared for use in accordance with the present invention using standard methods of synthesis known in the art, including solid phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc or Boc strategies) or solution phase peptide synthesis. Alternatively, peptides of the present invention may be prepared using recombinant expression systems.

Accordingly, another aspect of the present invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a chimeric protein according to the present invention. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 337, SEQ ID NO: 338, SEQ ID NO: 339, or SEQ ID NO: 340, as shown in Table 10.

TABLE 10 Description of Chimeric Protein Sequence Nucleotide sequence of a SEQ ID NO: 337 FGF1/FGF19 chimera composed ATGGCTGAAG GGGAAATCAC CACCTTCACA of residues M1 to L150 of human GCCCTGACCG AGAAGTTTAA TCTGCCTCCA FGF1 harboring GGGAATTACA AGAAGCCCAA ACTCCTCTAC K127D/K128Q/K133V triple TGTAGCAACG GGGGCCACTT CCTGAGGATC mutation (bold) and residues CTTCCGGATG GCACAGTGGA TGGGACAAGG L169 to K216 of human FGF19 GACAGGAGCG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG (bold) CTCAGTGCGG AAAGCGTGGG GGAGGTGTAT ATAAAGAGTA CCGAGACTGG CCAGTACTTG GCCATGGACA CCGACGGGCT TTTATACGGC TCACAGACAC CAAATGAGGA ATGTTTGTTC CTGGAAAGGC TGGAGGAGAA CCATTACAAC ACCTATATAT CCAAGAAGCA TGCAGAGAAG AATTGGTTTG TTGGCCTCGA TCAGAATGGG AGCTGCGTTC GCGGTCCTCG GACTCACTAT GGCCAGAAAG CAATCTTGTT TCTCCCCCTG CTGCCCATGG TCCCAGAGGA GCCTGAGGAC CTCAGGGGCC ACTTGGAATC TGACATGTTC TCTTCGCCCC TGGAGACCGA CAGCATGGAC CCATTTGGGC TTGTCACCGG ACTGGAGGCC GTGAGGAGTC CCAGCTTTGA GAAG Nucleotide sequence of a SEQ ID NO: 338 FGF1/FGF19 chimera composed              AAGCCCAA ACTCCTCTAC of residues K25 to L150 of human TGTAGCAACG GGGGCCACTT CCTGAGGATC FGF1 harboring CTTCCGGATG GCACAGTGGA TGGGACAAGG K127D/K128Q/K133V triple GACAGGAGCG ACCAGCACAT TCAGCTGCAG mutation (bold) and residues CTCAGTGCGG AAAGCGTGGG GGAGGTGTAT L169 to K216 of human FGF19 ATAAAGAGTA CCGAGACTGG CCAGTACTTG (bold) GCCATGGACA CCGACGGGCT TTTATACGGC TCACAGACAC CAAATGAGGA ATGTTTGTTC CTGGAAAGGC TGGAGGAGAA CCATTACAAC ACCTATATAT CCAAGAAGCA TGCAGAGAAG AATTGGTTTG TTGGCCTCGA TCAGAATGGG AGCTGCGTTC GCGGTCCTCG GACTCACTAT GGCCAGAAAG CAATCTTGTT TCTCCCCCTG CTGCCCATGG TCCCAGAGGA GCCTGAGGAC CTCAGGGGCC ACTTGGAATC TGACATGTTC TCTTCGCCCC TGGAGACCGA CAGCATGGAC CCATTTGGGC TTGTCACCGG ACTGGAGGCC GTGAGGAGTC CCAGCTTTGA GAAG Nucleotide sequence of a SEQ ID NO: 339 FGF2/FGF19 chimera composed                   ATG GCAGCCGGGA of residues M1 to M151 of human GCATCACCAC GCTGCCCGCC TTGCCCGAGG FGF2 harboring ATGGCGGCAG CGGCGCCTTC CCGCCCGGCC K128D/R129Q/K134V triple ACTTCAAGGA CCCCAAGCGG CTGTACTGCA mutation (bold) and residues AAAACGGGGG CTTCTTCCTG CGCATCCACC L169 to K216 of human FGF19 CCGACGGCCG AGTTGACGGG GTCCGGGAGA (bold) AGAGCGACCC TCACATCAAG CTACAACTTC AAGCAGAAGA GAGAGGAGTT GTGTCTATCA AAGGAGTGTG TGCTAACCGT TACCTGGCTA TGAAGGAAGA TGGAAGATTA CTGGCTTCTA AATGTGTTAC GGATGAGTGT TTCTTTTTTG AACGATTGGA ATCTAATAAC TACAATACTT ACCGGTCAAG GAAATACACC AGTTGGTATG TGGCACTGGA TCAGACTGGG CAGTATGTTC TTGGATCCAA AACAGGACCT GGGCAGAAAG CTATACTTTT TCTTCCAATG CTGCCCATGG TCCCAGAGGA GCCTGAGGAC CTCAGGGGCC ACTTGGAATC TGACATGTTC TCTTCGCCCC TGGAGACCGA CAGCATGGAC CCATTTGGGC TTGTCACCGG ACTGGAGGCC GTGAGGAGTC CCAGCTTTGA GAAG Nucleotide sequence of a SEQ ID NO: 340 FGF2/FGF19 chimera composed                                C of residues H25 to M151 of ACTTCAAGGA CCCCAAGCGG CTGTACTGCA human FGF2 harboring AAAACGGGGG CTTCTTCCTG CGCATCCACC K128D/R129Q/K134V triple CCGACGGCCG AGTTGACGGG GTCCGGGAGA mutation (bold) and residues AGAGCGACCC TCACATCAAG CTACAACTTC L169 to K216 of human FGF19 AAGCAGAAGA GAGAGGAGTT GTGTCTATCA (bold) AAGGAGTGTG TGCTAACCGT TACCTGGCTA TGAAGGAAGA TGGAAGATTA CTGGCTTCTA AATGTGTTAC GGATGAGTGT TTCTTTTTTG AACGATTGGA ATCTAATAAC TACAATACTT ACCGGTCAAG GAAATACACC AGTTGGTATG TGGCACTGGA TCAGACTGGG CAGTATGTTC TTGGATCCAA AACAGGACCT GGGCAGAAAG CTATACTTTT TCTTCCAATG CTGCCCATGG TCCCAGAGGA GCCTGAGGAC CTCAGGGGCC ACTTGGAATC TGACATGTTC TCTTCGCCCC TGGAGACCGA CAGCATGGAC CCATTTGGGC TTGTCACCGG ACTGGAGGCC GTGAGGAGTC CCAGCTTTGA GAAG

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a chimeric protein according to the present invention, a 5′ DNA promoter sequence, and a 3′ terminator sequence. The nucleic acid molecule, the promoter, and the terminator are operatively coupled to permit transcription of the nucleic acid molecule.

Also encompassed are vectors or expression vectors comprising such nucleic acid molecules and host cells comprising such nucleic acid molecules. Nucleic acid molecules according to the present invention can be expressed in a host cell, and the encoded polynucleotides isolated, according to techniques that are known in the art.

Generally, the use of recombinant expression systems involves inserting the nucleic acid molecule encoding the amino acid sequence of the desired peptide into an expression system to which the molecule is heterologous (i.e., not normally present). One or more desired nucleic acid molecules encoding a peptide of the invention may be inserted into the vector. When multiple nucleic acid molecules are inserted, the multiple nucleic acid molecules may encode the same or different peptides. The heterologous nucleic acid molecule is inserted into the expression system or vector in proper sense (5′→3′) orientation relative to the promoter and any other 5′ regulatory molecules, and correct reading frame.

The preparation of the nucleic acid constructs can be carried out using standard cloning procedures well known in the art as described by Joseph Sambrook et al., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL (Cold Springs Harbor 1989). U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,224 to Cohen and Boyer, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes the production of expression systems in the form of recombinant plasmids using restriction enzyme cleavage and ligation with DNA ligase. These recombinant plasmids are then introduced by means of transformation and replicated in a suitable host cell.

A variety of genetic signals and processing events that control many levels of gene expression (e.g., DNA transcription and messenger RNA (“mRNA”) translation) can be incorporated into the nucleic acid construct to maximize protein production. For the purposes of expressing a cloned nucleic acid sequence encoding a desired protein, it is advantageous to use strong promoters to obtain a high level of transcription. Depending upon the host system utilized, any one of a number of suitable promoters may be used. For instance, when cloning in E. coli, its bacteriophages, or plasmids, promoters such as the T7 phage promoter, lac promoter, trp promoter, recA promoter, ribosomal RNA promoter, the P_(R) and P_(L) promoters of coliphage lambda and others, including but not limited, to lacUV5, ompF, bla, lpp, and the like, may be used to direct high levels of transcription of adjacent DNA segments. Additionally, a hybrid trp-lacUV5 (tac) promoter or other E. coli promoters produced by recombinant DNA or other synthetic DNA techniques may be used to provide for transcription of the inserted gene. Common promoters suitable for directing expression in mammalian cells include, without limitation, SV40, MMTV, metallothionein-1, adenovirus Ela, CMV, immediate early, immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter and enhancer, and RSV-LTR.

There are other specific initiation signals required for efficient gene transcription and translation in prokaryotic cells that can be included in the nucleic acid construct to maximize protein production. Depending on the vector system and host utilized, any number of suitable transcription and/or translation elements, including constitutive, inducible, and repressible promoters, as well as minimal 5′ promoter elements, enhancers or leader sequences may be used. For a review on maximizing gene expression see Roberts and Lauer, “Maximizing Gene Expression On a Plasmid Using Recombination In Vitro,” Methods in Enzymology 68:473-82 (1979), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

A nucleic acid molecule encoding an isolated protein of the present invention, a promoter molecule of choice, including, without limitation, enhancers, and leader sequences; a suitable 3′ regulatory region to allow transcription in the host, and any additional desired components, such as reporter or marker genes, are cloned into the vector of choice using standard cloning procedures in the art, such as described in Joseph Sambrook et al., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL (Cold Springs Harbor 1989); Frederick M. Ausubel, SHORT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (Wiley 1999); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,224 to Cohen and Boyer, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Once the nucleic acid molecule encoding the protein has been cloned into an expression vector, it is ready to be incorporated into a host. Recombinant molecules can be introduced into cells, without limitation, via transfection (if the host is a eukaryote), transduction, conjugation, mobilization, or electroporation, lipofection, protoplast fusion, mobilization, or particle bombardment, using standard cloning procedures known in the art, as described by JOSEPH SAMBROOK et al., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL (Cold Springs Harbor 1989), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

A variety of suitable host-vector systems may be utilized to express the recombinant protein or polypeptide. Primarily, the vector system must be compatible with the host used. Host-vector systems include, without limitation, the following: bacteria transformed with bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA, or cosmid DNA; microorganisms such as yeast containing yeast vectors; mammalian cell systems infected with virus (e.g., vaccinia virus, adenovirus, etc.); insect cell systems infected with virus (e.g., baculovirus); and plant cells infected by bacteria.

Purified proteins may be obtained by several methods readily known in the art, including ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, gel filtration, and reverse phase chromatography. The protein is preferably produced in purified form (preferably at least about 80% or 85% pure, more preferably at least about 90% or 95% pure) by conventional techniques. Depending on whether the recombinant host cell is made to secrete the protein into growth medium (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,596,509 to Bauer et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), the protein can be isolated and purified by centrifugation (to separate cellular components from supernatant containing the secreted protein) followed by sequential ammonium sulfate precipitation of the supernatant. The fraction containing the protein is subjected to gel filtration in an appropriately sized dextran or polyacrylamide column to separate the protein of interest from other proteins. If necessary, the protein fraction may be further purified by HPLC.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition that includes a chimeric protein according to the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

“Carriers” as used herein include pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers which are nontoxic to the cell or mammal being exposed thereto at the dosages and concentrations employed. Often the physiologically acceptable carrier is an aqueous pH buffered solution. Examples of physiologically acceptable carriers include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptide; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such as sodium; and/or nonionic surfactants such as TWEEN™, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and PLURONICS™.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means it is, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the cells of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, and is commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition includes an organotropic targeting agent. In one embodiment, the targeting agent is covalently linked to the chimeric protein via a linker that is cleaved under physiological conditions.

Chimeric and/or modified proteins according to the present invention may also be modified using one or more additional or alternative strategies for prolonging the in vivo half-life of the protein. One such strategy involves the generation of D-peptide chimeric proteins, which consist of unnatural amino acids that are not cleaved by endogenous proteases. Alternatively, the chimeric and/or modified proteins may be fused to a protein partner that confers a longer half-life to the protein upon in vivo administration. Suitable fusion partners include, without limitation, immunoglobulins (e.g., the Fc portion of an IgG), human serum albumin (HAS) (linked directly or by addition of the albumin binding domain of streptococcal protein G), fetuin, or a fragment of any of these. The chimeric and/or modified proteins may also be fused to a macromolecule other than protein that confers a longer half-life to the protein upon in vivo administration. Suitable macromolecules include, without limitation, polyethylene glycols (PEGs). Methods of conjugating proteins or peptides to polymers to enhance stability for therapeutic administration are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,811 to Ekwuribe, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Nucleic acid conjugates are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,528,631 to Cook et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,335,434 to Guzaev et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,886 to Manoharan et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,153,737 to Manoharan et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,214,136 to Lin et al., or U.S. Pat. No. 5,138,045 to Cook et al., which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention can be formulated for administration orally, parenterally, subcutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, by intranasal instillation, by implantation, by intracavitary or intravesical instillation, intraocularly, intraarterially, intralesionally, transdermally, or by application to mucous membranes. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for treating a subject suffering from a disorder. This method involves selecting a subject suffering from the disorder and administering the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention to the selected subject under conditions effective to treat the disorder. In one embodiment the disorder is diabetes, obesity, or metabolic syndrome.

Accordingly, another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for treating a subject suffering from a disorder. This method involves selecting a subject suffering from the disorder. The method also involves providing a chimeric FGF protein, where the chimeric FGF protein includes an N-terminus coupled to a C-terminus. The N-terminus includes a portion of a paracrine FGF and the C-terminus includes a C-terminal portion of FGF19. The portion of the paracrine FGF is modified to decrease binding affinity for heparin and/or heparan sulfate compared to the portion without the modification. This method also involves administering a therapeutically effective amount of the chimeric FGF protein to the selected subject under conditions effective to treat the disorder.

The portion of the paracrine FGF may also be modified to alter receptor-binding specificity and/or receptor-binding affinity compared to the portion without the modification. Suitable chimeric proteins for use in accordance with this aspect of the present invention are described above and throughout the present application.

In one embodiment, the selected subject is a mammal. In one embodiment, the selected subject is a human. In another embodiment, the selected subject is a rodent.

In one embodiment, the selected subject is in need of increased FGF19-βKlotho-FGF receptor (“FGFR”) complex formation.

In one embodiment, the disorder is a selected from diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. As used herein, diabetes includes type I diabetes, type II diabetes, gestational diabetes, and drug-induced diabetes. In yet another embodiment, the subject has obesity. In yet another embodiment, the subject has metabolic syndrome.

The chimeric protein of the present invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof can be used to treat a number of conditions. In one embodiment, the condition is one which the therapeutic outcome includes a decrease in blood glucose, a decrease in blood fructosamine, an increase in energy expenditure, an increase in fat utilization, a decrease in body weight, a decrease in body fat, a decrease in triglycerides, a decrease in free fatty acids, an increase in fat excretion, an improvement, or even a preservation, of pancreatic β-cell function and mass, a decrease in total blood cholesterol, a decrease in blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, an increase in blood high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, an increase in blood adiponectin, an increase in insulin sensitivity, an increase in leptin sensitivity, a decrease in blood insulin, a decrease in blood leptin, a decrease in blood glucagon, an increase in glucose uptake by adipocytes, a decrease in fat accumulation in hepatocytes, and/or an increase in fat oxidation in hepatocytes. Each of these parameters can be measured by standard methods, for example, by measuring oxygen consumption to determine metabolic rate, using scales to determine weight, and measuring lean body mass composition or mass to determine fat. Moreover, the presence and amount of triglycerides, free fatty acids, glucose and leptin can be determined by standard methods (e.g., blood test).

Additional conditions that are treatable in accordance with the present invention include one or more of type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, drug-induced diabetes, high blood glucose, metabolic syndrome, lipodystrophy syndrome, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, leptin resistance, atherosclerosis, vascular disease, inflammatory disease, fibrotic disease, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, overweight, and obesity.

In one embodiment, the chimeric protein of the present invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.

The chimeric protein according to the present invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof can be administered orally, parenterally, subcutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, by intranasal instillation, by implantation, by intracavitary or intravesical instillation, intraocularly, intraarterially, intralesionally, transdermally, or by application to mucous membranes. The most suitable route may depend on the condition and disorder of the recipient. Formulations including chimeric proteins according to the present invention may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy.

Dosages and desired drug concentrations of pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may vary depending on the particular use envisioned. The determination of the appropriate dosage or route of administration is well within the skill of an ordinary physician. Those skilled in the art can readily optimize pharmaceutically effective dosages and administration regimens for therapeutic compositions comprising the chimeric protein according to the present invention, as determined by good medical practice and the clinical condition of the individual patient.

When in vivo administration of a chimeric protein of the present invention or is employed, normal dosage amounts may vary from, for example, about 10 ng/kg to up to 100 mg/kg of mammal body weight or more per day. In one embodiment, the dosage may be from about 1 μg/kg/day to 10 mg/kg/day, depending upon the route of administration. In one embodiment, the chimeric protein according to the present invention is administered at a dose of about 0.1 to 10 mg/kg once or twice daily. In one embodiment, the chimeric protein according to the present invention is administered at a dose of about 1 to 9, 1 to 8, 1 to 7, 1 to 6, 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, or 1 to 2 mg/kg. In one embodiment, the dosage is the same as that of a native FGF21 therapeutic. In one embodiment, the dosage is less than that of a native FGF21 therapeutic, but has the same effect as a higher dosage of a native FGF21 therapeutic. Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery of proteins is provided in the literature; see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,657,760; 5,206,344; or U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,212, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. It is anticipated that different formulations will be effective for different treatment compounds and different disorders, that administration targeting one organ or tissue, for example, may necessitate delivery in a manner different from that to another organ or tissue.

Where sustained-release administration of a chimeric protein of the present invention is desired in a formulation with release characteristics suitable for the treatment of any disease or disorder requiring administration of the chimeric protein of the present invention, microencapsulation is contemplated. Microencapsulation of recombinant proteins for sustained release has been successfully performed with human growth hormone (rhGH), interferon-(rhIFN-), interleukin-2, and MN rgp120. Johnson et al., “Preparation and Characterization of Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) Microspheres for Controlled Release of Human Growth Hormone,” Nat. Med. 2:795-799 (1996); Yasuda, “Sustained Release Formulation of Interferon,” Biomed. Ther. 27:1221-1223 (1993); Hora et al., “Controlled Release of Interleukin-2 from Biodegradable Microspheres,” Nat. Biotechnol. 8:755-758 (1990); Cleland, “Design and Production of Single Immunization Vaccines Using Polylactide Polyglycolide Microsphere Systems,” in VACCINE DESIGN: THE SUBUNIT AND ADJUVANT APPROACH 439-462 (Powell and Newman, eds. 1995); WO 97/03692; WO 96/40072; WO 96/07399; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,010, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The sustained-release formulations of these proteins were developed using poly-lactic-coglycolic acid (PLGA) polymer due to its biocompatibility and wide range of biodegradable properties. The degradation products of PLGA, lactic and glycolic acids, can be cleared quickly within the human body. Moreover, the degradability of this polymer can be adjusted from months to years depending on its molecular weight and composition. Lewis, “Controlled release of bioactive agents from lactide/glycolide polymer,” in: BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS AS DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 1-41 (M. Chasin and R. Langer eds. 1990), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The chimeric protein of the present invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof may be administered as frequently as necessary in order to obtain the desired therapeutic effect. Some patients may respond rapidly to a higher or lower dose and may find much weaker maintenance doses adequate. For other patients, it may be necessary to have long-term treatments at the rate of 1 to 4 doses per day, in accordance with the physiological requirements of each particular patient. For other patients, it will be necessary to prescribe not more than one or two doses per day.

In some embodiments, the chimeric protein of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered in a therapeutically effective amount in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of a second agent. In one embodiment, the chimeric protein of the present invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered in conjunction with the second agent, i.e., the respective periods of administration are part of a single administrative regimen. In one embodiment, the chimeric protein of the present invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof and the second agent are administered concurrently, i.e., the respective periods of administration overlap each other. In one embodiment, the chimeric protein of the present invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof and the second agent are administered non-concurrently, i.e., the respective periods of administration do not overlap each other. In one embodiment, the chimeric protein of the present invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof and the second agent are administered sequentially, i.e., the chimeric protein of the present invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered prior to and/or after the administration of the second agent. In one embodiment, the chimeric protein of the present invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof and the second agent are administered simultaneously as separate compositions. In one embodiment, the chimeric protein of the present invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof and the second agent are administered simultaneously as part of the same compositions.

In one embodiment, the second agent is an anti-inflammatory agent, an anti-fibrotic agent, an antihypertensive agent, an anti-diabetic agent, a triglyceride-lowering agent, and/or cholesterol-lowering drug such as a drug of the “statin” class. In one embodiment, the second agent is insulin. In one embodiment, the insulin is rapid acting, short acting, regular acting, intermediate acting, or long acting insulin. In one embodiment, the insulin is and/or comprises Humalog®, Lispro, Novolog®, Apidra®, Humulin®, Aspart, regular insulin, NPH, Lente, Ultralente, Lantus®, Glargine, Levemir®, or Detemir. In one embodiment, the second agent is a statin. In one embodiment, the statin is and/or comprises Atorvastatin (e.g., Lipitor® or Torvast®), Cerivastatin (e.g., Lipobay® or Baycol®), Fluvastatin (e.g., Lescol® or LescolXL®), Lovastatin (e.g., Mevacor®, Altocor®, or Altoprev®) Mevastatin, Pitavastatin (e.g., Livalo® or Pitava®), Pravastatin (e.g., Pravachol®, Selektine, or Lipostat®) Rosuvastatin (e.g., Crestor®), Simvastatin (e.g., Zocor® or Lipex®), Vytorin®, Advicor®, Besylate Caduet® or Simcor®.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the chimeric protein according to the present invention or the pharmaceutical composition thereof is administered with an anti-inflammatory agent, an antifibrotic agent, an antihypertensive agent, an antidiabetic agent, a triglyceride-lowering agent, and/or a cholesterol-lowering agent.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of making a chimeric FGF protein possessing enhanced endocrine activity. This method involves introducing one or more modifications to a FGF protein, where the modification decreases the affinity of the FGF protein for heparin and/or heparan sulfate and coupling a C-terminal portion of FGF19 that includes a βKlotho co-receptor binding domain to the modified FGF protein's C-terminus, whereby a chimeric FGF protein possessing enhanced endocrine activity is made.

Suitable C-terminal portions of FGF19 are described above. In one embodiment, the C-terminal region from FGF19 is derived from a mammalian FGF19. In one embodiment, the C-terminal region derived from FGF19 is from a vertebrate FGF19.

In one embodiment, the chimeric FGF protein has greater binding affinity for FGFR than native FGF19. In one embodiment the chimeric FGF protein possesses enhanced endocrine activity compared to the chimeric FGF protein in the absence of the modification or the βKlotho co-receptor binding domain. In one embodiment, the native endocrine FGF ligand having the βKlotho co-receptor binding domain is native FGF21. In one embodiment, the FGFR is FGFR1c, FGFR2c, or FGFR4.

In one embodiment the chimeric FGF protein has greater stability than a native endocrine FGF ligand possessing the βKlotho co-receptor binding domain. In one embodiment, increasing the stability includes an increase in thermal stability of the protein as compared to either wild type protein or native endocrine FGF ligand. In one embodiment, increasing the stability includes increasing the half-life of the protein in the blood circulation as compared to wild type protein or native endocrine FGF ligand.

In one embodiment, the method involves introducing one or more modifications to the FGF protein, where the modification alters the receptor-binding specificity of the FGF protein. In one embodiment, the method involves introducing one or more modifications to the FGF protein, where the modification alters the receptor-binding affinity of the FGF protein.

In one embodiment, the FGF is derived from a mammalian FGF. In one embodiment, the FGF is derived from a vertebrate FGF. In one embodiment, the FGF protein is a paracrine FGF molecule. In one embodiment the FGF molecule is FGF1 or FGF2. In one embodiment, the FGF protein is an FGF protein that possesses intrinsically greater binding affinity for FGF receptor than a native endocrine FGF ligand. In one embodiment, the FGF protein is an FGF protein that possesses intrinsically greater thermal stability than a native endocrine FGF ligand. In one embodiment, the method involves introducing one or more modifications to the FGF protein, where the modification alters receptor-binding specificity and/or receptor-binding affinity of the FGF protein. In one embodiment, the method involves introducing one or more modifications to the FGF protein, where the modification alters the stability of the FGF protein. For example, receptor-binding specificity of FGF1, which by nature binds to all the seven principal FGFRs, may be altered to, for example, reduce any risk for adverse effects (e.g., mitogenicity). Paracrine FGFs, portions of paracrine FGFs, and modifications thereto are described above.

In one embodiment, the chimeric FGF protein is effective to treat diabetes, obesity, and/or metabolic syndrome.

Suitable methods of generating chimeric proteins according to the present invention include standard methods of synthesis known in the art, as described above.

Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of facilitating fibroblast growth factor receptor (“FGFR”)-βKlotho co-receptor complex formation. This method involves providing a cell that includes a βKlotho co-receptor and an FGFR and providing a chimeric FGF protein. The chimeric FGF protein includes a C-terminal portion of FGF19 and a portion of a paracrine FGF, where the portion of the paracrine FGF is modified to decrease binding affinity for heparin and/or heparan sulfate compared to the portion without the modification. This method also involves contacting the cell and the chimeric FGF protein under conditions effective to cause FGFR-βKlotho co-receptor complex formation.

Suitable portions of the paracrine FGFs for use in accordance with the present invention are described above. Suitable modifications to the paracrine FGFs for use in accordance with the present invention are also described above. Suitable C-terminal portions from FGF19 are described above and throughout the present application.

In one embodiment according to the present invention, βKlotho is mammalian β3Klotho. In one embodiment, βKlotho is human or mouse βKlotho. In one particular embodiment of the present invention, βKlotho is human or mouse βKlotho including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 341 (i.e., GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)783864, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) or SEQ ID NO: 342 (i.e., GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)112457, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), respectively, as follows:

SEQ ID NO: 341: 1 MKPGCAAGSP GNEWIFFSTD EITTRYRNTM SNGGLQRSVI LSALILLRAV TGFSGDGRAI 61 WSKNPNFTPV NESQLFLYDT FPKNFFWGIG TGALQVEGSW KKDGKGPSIW DHFIHTHLKN 121 VSSTNGSSDS YIFLEKDLSA LDFIGVSFYQ FSISWPRLFP DGIVTVANAK GLQYYSTLLD 181 ALVLRNIEPI VTLYHWDLPL ALQEKYGGWK NDTIIDIFND YATYCFQMFG DRVKYWITIH 241 NPYLVAWHGY GTGMHAPGEK GNLAAVYTVG HNLIKAHSKV WHNYNTHFRP HQKGWLSITL 301 GSHWIEPNRS ENTMDIFKCQ QSMVSVLGWF ANPIHGDGDY PEGMRKKLFS VLPIFSEAEK 361 HEMRGTADFF AFSFGPNNFK PLNTMAKMGQ NVSLNLREAL NWIKLEYNNP RILIAENGWF 421 TDSRVKTEDT TAIYMMKNFL SQVLQAIRLD EIRVFGYTAW SLLDGFEWQD AYTIRRGLFY 481 VDFNSKQKER KPKSSAHYYK QIIRENGFSL KESTPDVQGQ FPCDFSWGVT ESVLKPESVA 541 SSPQFSDPHL YVWNATGNRL LHRVEGVRLK TRPAQCTDFV NIKKQLEMLA RMKVTHYRFA 601 LDWASVLPTG NLSAVNRQAL RYYRCVVSEG LKLGISAMVT LYYPTHAHLG LPEPLLHADG 661 WLNPSTAEAF QAYAGLCFQE LGDLVKLWIT INEPNRLSDI YNRSGNDTYG AAHNLLVAHA 721 LAWRLYDRQF RPSQRGAVSL SLHADWAEPA NPYADSHWRA AERFLQFEIA WFAEPLFKTG 781 DYPAAMREYI ASKHRRGLSS SALPRLTEAE RRLLKGTVDF CALNHFTTRF VMHEQLAGSR 841 YDSDRDIQFL QDITRLSSPT RLAVIPWGVR KLLRWVRRNY GDMDIYITAS GIDDQALEDD 901 RLRKYYLGKY LQEVLKAYLI DKVRIKGYYA FKLAEEKSKP RFGFFTSDFK AKSSIQFYNK 961 VISSRGFPFE NSSSRCSQTQ ENTECTVCLF LVQKKPLIFL GCCFFSTLVL LLSIAIFQRQ 1021 KRRKFWKAKN LQHIPLKKGK RVVS SEQ ID NO: 342: 1 MKTGCAAGSP GNEWIFFSSD ERNTRSRKTM SNRALQRSAV LSAFVLLRAV TGFSGDGKAI 61 WDKKQYVSPV NPSQLFLYDT FPKNFSWGVG TGAFQVEGSW KTDGRGPSIW DRYVYSHLRG 121 VNGTDRSTDS YIFLEKDLLA LDFLGVSFYQ FSISWPRLFP NGTVAAVNAQ GLRYYRALLD 181 SLVLRNIEPI VTLYHWDLPL TLQEEYGGWK NATMIDLFND YATYCFQTFG DRVKYWITIH 241 NPYLVAWHGF GTGMHAPGEK GNLTAVYTVG HNLIKAHSKV WHNYDKNFRP HQKGWLSITL 301 GSHWIEPNRT DNMEDVINCQ HSMSSVLGWF ANPIHGDGDY PEFMKTGAMI PEFSEAEKEE 361 VRGTADFFAF SFGPNNFRPS NTVVKMGQNV SLNLRQVLNW IKLEYDDPQI LISENGWFTD 421 SYIKTEDTTA IYMMKNFLNQ VLQAIKFDEI RVFGYTAWTL LDGFEWQDAY TTRRGLFYVD 481 FNSEQKERKP KSSAHYYKQI IQDNGFPLKE STPDMKGRFP CDFSWGVTES VLKPEFTVSS 541 PQFTDPHLYV WNVTGNRLLY RVEGVRLKTR PSQCTDYVSI KKRVEMLAKM KVTHYQFALD 601 WTSILPTGNL SKVNRQVLRY YRCVVSEGLK LGVFPMVTLY HPTHSHLGLP LPLLSSGGWL 661 NMNTAKAFQD YAELCFRELG DLVKLWITIN EPNRLSDMYN RTSNDTYRAA HNLMIAHAQV 721 WHLYDRQYRP VQHGAVSLSL HCDWAEPANP FVDSHWKAAE RFLQFEIAWF ADPLFKTGDY 781 PSVMKEYIAS KNQRGLSSSV LPRFTAKESR LVKGTVDFYA LNHFTTRFVI HKQLNTNRSV 841 ADRDVQFLQD ITRLSSPSRL AVTPWGVRKL LAWIRRNYRD RDIYITANGI DDLALEDDQI 901 RKYYLEKYVQ EALKAYLIDK VKIKGYYAFK LTEEKSKPRF GFFTSDFRAK SSVQFYSKLI 961 SSSGLPAENR SPACGQPAED TDCTICSFLV EKKPLIFFGC CFISTLAVLL SITVFHHQKR 1021 RKFQKARNLQ NIPLKKGHSR VFS

In one particular embodiment of the present invention, βKlotho is human or mouse βKlotho encoded by a nucleotide sequence including the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO: 343 (GenBank Accession No. NM_(—)175737, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) and SEQ ID NO: 344 (GenBank Accession No. NM_(—)031180, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), as follows:

SEQ ID NO: 343 (Human βKlotho gene coding sequence): 98        ATG AAGCCAGGCT GTGCGGCAGG ATCTCCAGGG AATGAATGGA TTTTCTTCAG 151 CACTGATGAA ATAACCACAC GCTATAGGAA TACAATGTCC AACGGGGGAT TGCAAAGATC 211 TGTCATCCTG TCAGCACTTA TTCTGCTACG AGCTGTTACT GGATTCTCTG GAGATGGAAG 271 AGCTATATGG TCTAAAAATC CTAATTTTAC TCCGGTAAAT GAAAGTCAGC TGTTTCTCTA 331 TGACACTTTC CCTAAAAACT TTTTCTGGGG TATTGGGACT GGAGCATTGC AAGTGGAAGG 391 GAGTTGGAAG AAGGATGGAA AAGGACCTTC TATATGGGAT CATTTCATCC ACACACACCT 451 TAAAAATGTC AGCAGCACGA ATGGTTCCAG TGACAGTTAT ATTTTTCTGG AAAAAGACTT 511 ATCAGCCCTG GATTTTATAG GAGTTTCTTT TTATCAATTT TCAATTTCCT GGCCAAGGCT 571 TTTCCCCGAT GGAATAGTAA CAGTTGCCAA CGCAAAAGGT CTGCAGTACT ACAGTACTCT 631 TCTGGACGCT CTAGTGCTTA GAAACATTGA ACCTATAGTT ACTTTATACC ACTGGGATTT 691 GCCTTTGGCA CTACAAGAAA AATATGGGGG GTGGAAAAAT GATACCATAA TAGATATCTT 751 CAATGACTAT GCCACATACT GTTTCCAGAT GTTTGGGGAC CGTGTCAAAT ATTGGATTAC 811 AATTCACAAC CCATATCTAG TGGCTTGGCA TGGGTATGGG ACAGGTATGC ATGCCCCTGG 871 AGAGAAGGGA AATTTAGCAG CTGTCTACAC TGTGGGACAC AACTTGATCA AGGCTCACTC 931 GAAAGTTTGG CATAACTACA ACACACATTT CCGCCCACAT CAGAAGGGTT GGTTATCGAT 991 CACGTTGGGA TCTCATTGGA TCGAGCCAAA CCGGTCGGAA AACACGATGG ATATATTCAA 1051 ATGTCAACAA TCCATGGTTT CTGTGCTTGG ATGGTTTGCC AACCCTATCC ATGGGGATGG 1111 CGACTATCCA GAGGGGATGA GAAAGAAGTT GTTCTCCGTT CTACCCATTT TCTCTGAAGC 1171 AGAGAAGCAT GAGATGAGAG GCACAGCTGA TTTCTTTGCC TTTTCTTTTG GACCCAACAA 1231 CTTCAAGCCC CTAAACACCA TGGCTAAAAT GGGACAAAAT GTTTCACTTA ATTTAAGAGA 1291 AGCGCTGAAC TGGATTAAAC TGGAATACAA CAACCCTCGA ATCTTGATTG CTGAGAATGG 1351 CTGGTTCACA GACAGTCGTG TGAAAACAGA AGACACCACG GCCATCTACA TGATGAAGAA 1411 TTTCCTCAGC CAGGTGCTTC AAGCAATAAG GTTAGATGAA ATACGAGTGT TTGGTTATAC 1471 TGCCTGGTCT CTCCTGGATG GCTTTGAATG GCAGGATGCT TACACCATCC GCCGAGGATT 1531 ATTTTATGTG GATTTTAACA GTAAACAGAA AGAGCGGAAA CCTAAGTCTT CAGCACACTA 1591 CTACAAACAG ATCATACGAG AAAATGGTTT TTCTTTAAAA GAGTCCACGC CAGATGTGCA 1651 GGGCCAGTTT CCCTGTGACT TCTCCTGGGG TGTCACTGAA TCTGTTCTTA AGCCCGAGTC 1711 TGTGGCTTCG TCCCCACAGT TCAGCGATCC TCATCTGTAC GTGTGGAACG CCACTGGCAA 1771 CAGACTGTTG CACCGAGTGG AAGGGGTGAG GCTGAAAACA CGACCCGCTC AATGCACAGA 1831 TTTTGTAAAC ATCAAAAAAC AACTTGAGAT GTTGGCAAGA ATGAAAGTCA CCCACTACCG 1891 GTTTGCTCTG GATTGGGCCT CGGTCCTTCC CACTGGCAAC CTGTCCGCGG TGAACCGACA 1951 GGCCCTGAGG TACTACAGGT GCGTGGTCAG TGAGGGGCTG AAGCTTGGCA TCTCCGCGAT 2011 GGTCACCCTG TATTATCCGA CCCACGCCCA CCTAGGCCTC CCCGAGCCTC TGTTGCATGC 2071 CGACGGGTGG CTGAACCCAT CGACGGCCGA GGCCTTCCAG GCCTACGCTG GGCTGTGCTT 2131 CCAGGAGCTG GGGGACCTGG TGAAGCTCTG GATCACCATC AACGAGCCTA ACCGGCTAAG 2191 TGACATCTAC AACCGCTCTG GCAACGACAC CTACGGGGCG GCGCACAACC TGCTGGTGGC 2251 CCACGCCCTG GCCTGGCGCC TCTACGACCG GCAGTTCAGG CCCTCACAGC GCGGGGCCGT 2311 GTCGCTGTCG CTGCACGCGG ACTGGGCGGA ACCCGCCAAC CCCTATGCTG ACTCGCACTG 2371 GAGGGCGGCC GAGCGCTTCC TGCAGTTCGA GATCGCCTGG TTCGCCGAGC CGCTCTTCAA 2431 GACCGGGGAC TACCCCGCGG CCATGAGGGA ATACATTGCC TCCAAGCACC GACGGGGGCT 2491 TTCCAGCTCG GCCCTGCCGC GCCTCACCGA GGCCGAAAGG AGGCTGCTCA AGGGCACGGT 2551 CGACTTCTGC GCGCTCAACC ACTTCACCAC TAGGTTCGTG ATGCACGAGC AGCTGGCCGG 2611 CAGCCGCTAC GACTCGGACA GGGACATCCA GTTTCTGCAG GACATCACCC GCCTGAGCTC 2671 CCCCACGCGC CTGGCTGTGA TTCCCTGGGG GGTGCGCAAG CTGCTGCGGT GGGTCCGGAG 2731 GAACTACGGC GACATGGACA TTTACATCAC CGCCAGTGGC ATCGACGACC AGGCTCTGGA 2791 GGATGACCGG CTCCGGAAGT ACTACCTAGG GAAGTACCTT CAGGAGGTGC TGAAAGCATA 2851 CCTGATTGAT AAAGTCAGAA TCAAAGGCTA TTATGCATTC AAACTGGCTG AAGAGAAATC 2911 TAAACCCAGA TTTGGATTCT TCACATCTGA TTTTAAAGCT AAATCCTCAA TACAATTTTA 2971 CAACAAAGTG ATCAGCAGCA GGGGCTTCCC TTTTGAGAAC AGTAGTTCTA GATGCAGTCA 3031 GACCCAAGAA AATACAGAGT GCACTGTCTG CTTATTCCTT GTGCAGAAGA AACCACTGAT 3091 ATTCCTGGGT TGTTGCTTCT TCTCCACCCT GGTTCTACTC TTATCAATTG CCATTTTTCA 3151 AAGGCAGAAG AGAAGAAAGT TTTGGAAAGC AAAAAACTTA CAACACATAC CATTAAAGAA 3211 AGGCAAGAGA GTTGTTAGCT AA SEQ ID NO: 344 (House mouse βKlotho gene coding sequence): 2  ATGAAGACA GGCTGTGCAG CAGGGTCTCC GGGGAATGAA TGGATTTTCT TCAGCTCTGA 61 TGAAAGAAAC ACACGCTCTA GGAAAACAAT GTCCAACAGG GCACTGCAAA GATCTGCCGT 121 GCTGTCTGCG TTTGTTCTGC TGCGAGCTGT TACCGGCTTC TCCGGAGACG GGAAAGCAAT 181 ATGGGATAAA AAACAGTACG TGAGTCCGGT AAACCCAAGT CAGCTGTTCC TCTATGACAC 241 TTTCCCTAAA AACTTTTCCT GGGGCGTTGG GACCGGAGCA TTTCAAGTGG AAGGGAGTTG 301 GAAGACAGAT GGAAGAGGAC CCTCGATCTG GGATCGGTAC GTCTACTCAC ACCTGAGAGG 361 TGTCAACGGC ACAGACAGAT CCACTGACAG TTACATCTTT CTGGAAAAAG ACTTGTTGGC 421 TCTGGATTTT TTAGGAGTTT CTTTTTATCA GTTCTCAATC TCCTGGCCAC GGTTGTTTCC 481 CAATGGAACA GTAGCAGCAG TGAATGCGCA AGGTCTCCGG TACTACCGTG CACTTCTGGA 541 CTCGCTGGTA CTTAGGAATA TCGAGCCCAT TGTTACCTTG TACCATTGGG ATTTGCCTCT 601 GACGCTCCAG GAAGAATATG GGGGCTGGAA AAATGCAACT ATGATAGATC TCTTCAACGA 661 CTATGCCACA TACTGCTTCC AGACCTTTGG AGACCGTGTC AAATATTGGA TTACAATTCA 721 CAACCCTTAC CTTGTTGCTT GGCATGGGTT TGGCACAGGT ATGCATGCAC CAGGAGAGAA 781 GGGAAATTTA ACAGCTGTCT ACACTGTGGG ACACAACCTG ATCAAGGCAC ATTCGAAAGT 841 GTGGCATAAC TACGACAAAA ACTTCCGCCC TCATCAGAAG GGTTGGCTCT CCATCACCTT 901 GGGGTCCCAT TGGATAGAGC CAAACAGAAC AGACAACATG GAGGACGTGA TCAACTGCCA 961 GCACTCCATG TCCTCTGTGC TTGGATGGTT CGCCAACCCC ATCCACGGGG ACGGCGACTA 1021 CCCTGAGTTC ATGAAGACGG GCGCCATGAT CCCCGAGTTC TCTGAGGCAG AGAAGGAGGA 1081 GGTGAGGGGC ACGGCTGATT TCTTTGCCTT TTCCTTCGGG CCCAACAACT TCAGGCCCTC 1141 AAACACCGTG GTGAAAATGG GACAAAATGT ATCACTCAAC TTAAGGCAGG TGCTGAACTG 1201 GATTAAACTG GAATACGATG ACCCTCAAAT CTTGATTTCG GAGAACGGCT GGTTCACAGA 1261 TAGCTATATA AAGACAGAGG ACACCACGGC CATCTACATG ATGAAGAATT TCCTAAACCA 1321 GGTTCTTCAA GCAATAAAAT TTGATGAAAT CCGCGTGTTT GGTTATACGG CCTGGACTCT 1381 CCTGGATGGC TTTGAGTGGC AGGATGCCTA TACGACCCGA CGAGGGCTGT TTTATGTGGA 1441 CTTTAACAGT GAGCAGAAAG AGAGGAAACC CAAGTCCTCG GCTCATTACT ACAAGCAGAT 1501 CATACAAGAC AACGGCTTCC CTTTGAAAGA GTCCACGCCA GACATGAAGG GTCGGTTCCC 1561 CTGTGATTTC TCTTGGGGAG TCACTGAGTC TGTTCTTAAG CCCGAGTTTA CGGTCTCCTC 1621 CCCGCAGTTT ACCGATCCTC ACCTGTATGT GTGGAATGTC ACTGGCAACA GATTGCTCTA 1681 CCGAGTGGAA GGGGTAAGGC TGAAAACAAG ACCATCCCAG TGCACAGATT ATGTGAGCAT 1741 CAAAAAACGA GTTGAAATGT TGGCAAAAAT GAAAGTCACC CACTACCAGT TTGCTCTGGA 1801 CTGGACCTCT ATCCTTCCCA CTGGCAATCT GTCCAAAGTT AACAGACAAG TGTTAAGGTA 1861 CTATAGGTGT GTGGTGAGCG AAGGACTGAA GCTGGGCGTC TTCCCCATGG TGACGTTGTA 1921 CCACCCAACC CACTCCCATC TCGGCCTCCC CCTGCCACTT CTGAGCAGTG GGGGGTGGCT 1981 AAACATGAAC ACAGCCAAGG CCTTCCAGGA CTACGCTGAG CTGTGCTTCC GGGAGTTGGG 2041 GGACTTGGTG AAGCTCTGGA TCACCATCAA TGAGCCTAAC AGGCTGAGTG ACATGTACAA 2101 CCGCACGAGT AATGACACCT ACCGTGCAGC CCACAACCTG ATGATCGCCC ATGCCCAGGT 2161 CTGGCACCTC TATGATAGGC AGTATAGGCC GGTCCAGCAT GGGGCTGTGT CGCTGTCCTT 2221 ACATTGCGAC TGGGCAGAAC CTGCCAACCC CTTTGTGGAT TCACACTGGA AGGCAGCCGA 2281 GCGCTTCCTC CAGTTTGAGA TCGCCTGGTT TGCAGATCCG CTCTTCAAGA CTGGCGACTA 2341 TCCATCGGTT ATGAAGGAAT ACATCGCCTC CAAGAACCAG CGAGGGCTGT CTAGCTCAGT 2401 CCTGCCGCGC TTCACCGCGA AGGAGAGCAG GCTGGTGAAG GGTACCGTCG ACTTCTACGC 2461 ACTGAACCAC TTCACTACGA GGTTCGTGAT ACACAAGCAG CTGAACACCA ACCGCTCAGT 2521 TGCAGACAGG GACGTCCAGT TCCTGCAGGA CATCACCCGC CTAAGCTCGC CCAGCCGCCT 2581 GGCTGTAACA CCCTGGGGAG TGCGCAAGCT CCTTGCGTGG ATCCGGAGGA ACTACAGAGA 2641 CAGGGATATC TACATCACAG CCAATGGCAT CGATGACCTG GCTCTAGAGG ATGATCAGAT 2701 CCGAAAGTAC TACTTGGAGA AGTATGTCCA GGAGGCTCTG AAAGCATATC TCATTGACAA 2761 GGTCAAAATC AAAGGCTACT ATGCATTCAA ACTGACTGAA GAGAAATCTA AGCCTAGATT 2821 TGGATTTTTC ACCTCTGACT TCAGAGCTAA GTCCTCTGTC CAGTTTTACA GCAAGCTGAT 2881 CAGCAGCAGT GGCCTCCCCG CTGAGAACAG AAGTCCTGCG TGTGGTCAGC CTGCGGAAGA 2941 CACAGACTGC ACCATTTGCT CATTTCTCGT GGAGAAGAAA CCACTCATCT TCTTCGGTTG 3001 CTGCTTCATC TCCACTCTGG CTGTACTGCT ATCCATCACC GTTTTTCATC ATCAAAAGAG 3061 AAGAAAATTC CAGAAAGCAA GGAACTTACA AAATATACCA TTGAAGAAAG GCCACAGCAG 3121 AGTTTTCAGC TAA

In one embodiment, the FGFR is FGFR1c, FGFR2c, or FGFR4. In one embodiment of the present invention, the FGF receptor is FGFR1c receptor. In one particular embodiment, the FGFR1c receptor is the human FGFR1c receptor (GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)075598, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). In another embodiment, the FGF receptor is FGFR2c receptor. In one particular embodiment, the FGFR2c receptor is the human FGFR2c receptor (GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)000132, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). In another embodiment, the FGF receptor is FGFR4 receptor. In one particular embodiment, the FGFR4 receptor is the human FGFR4 receptor (GenBank Accession No. NP002002, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

In one embodiment, the method of facilitating FGFR-βKlotho co-receptor complex formation is carried out in vitro. In one embodiment, the method is carried out in an adipocyte. In another embodiment, the method is carried out in a skeletal muscle cell, a pancreatic β cell, or a hepatocyte.

In one embodiment, the method of facilitating FGFR-βKlotho co-receptor complex formation is carried out in vivo. In one embodiment, the method is carried out in a mammal. In one particular embodiment, the mammal is a mouse. In one embodiment, the mouse is an ob/ob or db/db mouse.

Yet a further aspect of the present invention relates to a method of screening for agents capable of facilitating FGFR-βKlotho complex formation in the treatment of a disorder. This method involves providing a chimeric FGF that includes an N-terminus coupled to a C-terminus, where the N-terminus includes a portion of a paracrine FGF and the C-terminus includes a C-terminal portion of FGF19. The portion of the paracrine FGF is modified to decrease binding affinity for heparin and/or heparan sulfate compared to the portion without the modification. The portion of the paracrine FGF may also be modified to alter receptor-binding specificity and/or receptor-binding affinity compared to the portion without the modification. This method also involves providing a binary βKlotho-FGFR complex and providing one or more candidate agents. This method further involves combining the chimeric FGF, the binary βKlotho-FGFR complex, and the one or more candidate agents under conditions permitting the formation of a ternary complex between the chimeric FGF and the binary βKlotho-FGFR complex in the absence of the one or more candidate agents. This method also involves identifying the one or more candidate agents that decrease ternary complex formation between the chimeric FGF and the binary βKlotho-FGFR complex compared to the ternary complex formation in the absence of the one or more candidate agents as suitable for treating the disorder.

The portion of the paracrine FGF may also be modified to alter receptor-binding specificity and/or reduce receptor-binding affinity compared to the portion without the modification.

Suitable chimeric proteins for use in accordance with this aspect of the present invention are described above and throughout the present application. Suitable paracrine FGFs, as well as suitable modifications to decrease binding affinity for heparin and/or heparan sulfate, to alter receptor-binding specificity and/or receptor-binding affinity compared to the portion without the modification, are also described above.

In one embodiment, the modulation is a competitive interaction between the chimeric FGF molecule and the one or more candidate agents for binding to the binary βKlotho-FGFR complex.

In one embodiment, the FGFR is FGFR1c, FGFR2c, or FGFR4.

In one embodiment, the disorder is a selected from diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. In one embodiment, the disorder is diabetes selected from type II diabetes, gestational diabetes, or drug-induced diabetes. In one embodiment, the disorder is type I diabetes. In one embodiment, the disorder is obesity. In one embodiment, the disorder is metabolic syndrome.

In one embodiment of the screening aspects of the present invention, a plurality of compounds or agents is tested. Candidate agents may include small molecule compounds or larger molecules (e.g., proteins or fragments thereof). In one embodiment, the candidate compounds are biomolecules. In one embodiment, the biomolecules are proteins. In one embodiment, the biomolecules are peptides. In one embodiment, the candidates are peptides or peptide mimetics having similar structural features to native FGF ligand. In one embodiment, the candidate agent is a second chimeric FGF molecule. In one particular embodiment, the peptides are synthetic peptides. In one embodiment, the compounds are small organic molecules.

In one embodiment of the screening aspects of the present invention, the method is carried out using a cell-based assay. In one embodiment, the identifying is carried out using a cell-based assay.

In one embodiment of the screening aspects of the present invention, the method is carried out using a binding assay. In one embodiment, the binding assay is a direct binding assay. In one embodiment, the binding assay is a competition-binding assay. In one embodiment, the modulation stabilizes the ternary complex between the chimeric FGF molecule and the binary βKlotho-FGFR complex. In one embodiment, the stabilization is compared to the native ternary complex.

In one embodiment, the modulation is an allosteric or kinetic modulation. In one embodiment, the allosteric or kinetic modulation is compared to the native ternary complex. Such stabilization or allosteric or kinetic modulation can be measured using methods known in the art (e.g., by use of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy experiments as described in the Examples infra).

In one embodiment, the binding assay is carried out using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. In one embodiment, the identifying is carried out using a binding assay. In one embodiment, the identifying is carried out using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy.

In one embodiment of the screening aspects of the present invention, the cell-based assay is carried out with adipocytes. In one embodiment, the cell-based assay is carried out with skeletal muscle cells. In one embodiment, the cell-based assay is carried out with pancreatic β cells. In one embodiment, the cell-based assay is carried out with hepatocytes. In one embodiment, stimulation of glucose uptake is the assay readout. In one embodiment, induction of glucose transporter 1 gene expression is the assay readout. In one embodiment, a dose-response curve is generated for the stimulation of glucose uptake by a candidate compound to determine potency and efficacy of the candidate compound. In one embodiment, a dose-response curve is generated for the induction of glucose transporter 1 gene expression by a candidate compound to determine potency and efficacy of the candidate compound. For example, if the dose-response curve is shifted to the left compared to that obtained for the chimeric FGF protein, the candidate compound has greater potency than the chimeric FGF protein and/or native FGF19. In one embodiment, an IC₅₀ value is derived from the dose-response curve of a candidate compound to determine potency of the candidate compound. An IC₅₀ value smaller than that obtained for the chimeric FGF protein identifies a candidate compound as more potent than the chimeric FGF protein and/or native FGF19.

In one embodiment of the screening aspects of the present invention, the cell-based assay is carried out with mammalian cells ectopically expressing βKlotho. In one particular embodiment, the cells are HEK293 cells. In one embodiment, activation of FGF receptor is the assay readout. In one embodiment, tyrosine phosphorylation of an FGF receptor substrate is used as readout for FGF receptor activation. In one particular embodiment, the FGF receptor substrate is FGF receptor substrate 2α. In one embodiment, activation of downstream mediators of FGF signaling is used as readout for (or an indicator of) FGF receptor activation. In one particular embodiment, the downstream mediator of FGF signaling is 44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase. In one embodiment, the downstream mediator of FGF signaling is a transcription factor. In one particular embodiment, the transcription factor is early growth response 1. In one embodiment, a dose-response curve is generated for βKlotho-dependent activation of FGF receptor by a candidate compound to determine potency and efficacy of the candidate compound. For example, if the dose-response curve is shifted to the left compared to that obtained for the chimeric FGF protein, the candidate compound is more potent than the chimeric FGF protein and/or native FGF19. In one embodiment, an IC₅₀ value is derived from the dose-response curve of a candidate compound to determine potency of the candidate compound. An IC₅₀ value smaller than that obtained for the chimeric FGF protein identifies a candidate compound as more potent than the chimeric FGF protein and/or native FGF19.

In one embodiment of the screening aspects of the present invention, the surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy-based assay is carried out using the chimeric FGF protein as ligand coupled to a biosensor chip. In one embodiment, mixtures ofβKlotho ectodomain with increasing concentrations of a candidate compound are passed over a biosensor chip containing chimeric FGF protein. In one embodiment, mixtures of the binary complex of FGFR ligand-binding domain and βKlotho ectodomain with increasing concentrations of a candidate compound are passed over a biosensor chip containing chimeric FGF protein. In one particular embodiment, the FGFR ligand-binding domain is the FGFR1c ligand-binding domain. In one embodiment, an inhibition-binding curve is plotted for a candidate compound to determine potency of the candidate compound. For example, if the inhibition-binding curve is shifted to the left compared to that obtained for the chimeric FGF protein, the candidate compound has greater potency than the chimeric FGF protein and/or native FGF19. In one embodiment, an IC₅₀ value is derived from the inhibition-binding curve of a candidate compound to determine potency of the candidate compound. An IC₅₀ value smaller than that obtained for containing chimeric FGF protein identifies a candidate compound as more potent than the chimeric FGF protein and/or native FGF19. In one embodiment, the inhibition constant K_(i) is determined for a candidate compound to determine potency of the candidate compound. A K_(i) value smaller than that obtained for native FGF19 identifies a candidate compound as more potent than the chimeric FGF protein and/or native FGF19.

In one embodiment of the screening aspects of the present invention, the method is carried out in vivo. In one embodiment, the method is carried out in a mammal. In one particular embodiment, the mammal is a mouse. In one embodiment, the mammal has obesity, diabetes, or a related metabolic disorder. In one embodiment, the ability of a candidate compound to potentiate the hypoglycemic effect of insulin is used as readout for FGF19-like metabolic activity. This involves fasting the mammal for a period of time prior to insulin injection and measuring fasting blood glucose levels. The mammal is then injected with insulin alone or co-injected with insulin plus a candidate compound. Blood glucose levels are measured at several time points after the injection. If a candidate compound potentiates the hypoglycemic effect of insulin to a greater degree than the chimeric FGF protein and/or native FGF19 does, the candidate compound exhibits enhanced efficacy. Likewise, if a candidate compound potentiates the hypoglycemic effect of insulin to a similar degree than the chimeric FGF protein and/or native FGF19 does but at a lower dose compared to that of the chimeric FGF protein and/or native FGF19 and/or for a longer period of time compared to the chimeric FGF protein and/or native FGF19, the candidate compound has enhanced agonistic properties. In one embodiment, the ability of a candidate compound to elicit a hypoglycemic effect in a mammal with diabetes, obesity, or a related metabolic disorder is used as readout for FGF21-like metabolic activity. This involves injecting a mammal suffering from diabetes, obesity, or a related metabolic disorder with the candidate compound. Blood glucose levels are measured before the injection and at several time points thereafter. If a candidate compound has a greater hypoglycemic effect than the chimeric FGF protein and/or native FGF21 does, the candidate compound exhibits enhanced efficacy. Likewise, if a candidate compound shows a similar hypoglycemic effect than the chimeric FGF protein and/or native FGF21 does but at a lower dose compared to that of the chimeric FGF protein and/or native FGF21 and/or for a longer period of time compared to the chimeric FGF protein and/or native FGF21, the candidate compound has enhanced agonistic properties.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Purification of FGF, FGFR, and Klotho Proteins

The N-terminally hexahistidine-tagged, mature form of human FGF19 (SEQ ID NO: 233) (R23 to K216), human FGF21 (SEQ ID NO: 332) (H29 to S209; FIG. 5A), and human FGF23 (Y25 to I251; FIG. 5A) was refolded in vitro from bacterial inclusion bodies, and purified by published protocols (Ibrahimi et al., Hum. Mol. Genet. 13:2313-2324 (2004); Plotnikov et al., Cell 101:413-424 (2000), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). The amino acid sequence of human FGF23 (SEQ ID NO:345) (GenBank accession no. AAG09917, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) is as follows:

1 MLGARLRLWV CALCSVCSMS VLRAYPNASP LLGSSWGGLI HLYTATARNS YHLQIHKNGH 61 VDGAPHQTIY SALMIRSEDA GFVVITGVMS RRYLCMDFRG NIFGSHYFDP ENCRFQHQTL 121 ENGYDVYHSP QYHFLVSLGR AKRAFLPGMN PPPYSQFLSR RNEIPLIHFN TPIPRRHTRS 181 AEDDSERDPL NVLKPRARMT PAPASCSQEL PSAEDNSPMA SDPLGVVRGG RVNTHAGGTG 241 PEGCRPFAKF I

HS-binding site mutants of FGF19 (K149A) and FGF23 (R140A/R143A) were purified from bacterial inclusion bodies by similar protocols as the wild-type proteins. In order to minimize proteolysis of FGF23 wild-type and mutant proteins, arginine residues 176 and 179 of the proteolytic cleavage site ¹⁷⁶RXXR¹⁷⁹ were replaced with glutamine as it occurs in the phosphate wasting disorder “autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets” (ADHR) (White et al., Nat. Genet. 26:345-348 (2000); White et al., Kidney Int. 60:2079-2086 (2001), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). Human FGF1 (M1 to D155; FIG. 6), N-terminally truncated human FGF1 (K25 to D155, termed FGF1^(ΔNT); FIG. 6), human FGF2 (M1 to S155; FIG. 5A), and human FGF homologous factor 1B (FHF1B; M1 to T181) were purified by published protocols (Plotnikov et al., Cell 101:413-424 (2000); Olsen et al., J. Biol. Chem. 278:34226-34236 (2003), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety).

Chimeras composed of the core domain of FGF2 (M1 to M151) and the C-terminal region of either FGF21 (P168 to S209) or FGF23 (R161 to I251) (termed FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF21^(C-tail) and FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF23^(C-tail), respectively; FIG. 5A) were purified by the same protocol as that for native FGF2 (Plotnikov et al., Cell 101:413-424 (2000), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Analogous chimeras containing three mutations in the HS-binding site of the FGF2 core (K128D/R129Q/K134V) (termed FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) and FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail), respectively, FIG. 5A) were purified from the soluble bacterial cell lysate fraction by ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatographies. In order to minimize proteolysis of the chimeras containing the C-terminal sequence from R161 to I251 of FGF23, arginine residues 176 and 179 of the proteolytic cleavage site ¹⁷⁶RXXR¹⁷⁹ located within this sequence were replaced with glutamine as it occurs in ADHR (White et al., Nat. Genet. 26:345-348 (2000); White et al., Kidney Int. 60:2079-2086 (2001), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). In addition, in order to prevent disulfide-mediated dimerization of FGF2 and chimeric FGF2 proteins, cysteine residues 78 and 96 were mutated to serine. An HS-binding site mutant of FGF1 (K127D/K128Q/K133V) (termed FGF1^(ΔHBScore); FIG. 6) and chimeras composed of the core domain of the HS-binding site mutant of FGF1 (M1 to L150, K127D/K128Q/K133V) and the C-terminal region of either FGF19 (L169 to K216) or FGF21 (P168 to S209) (termed FGF1^(ΔHBScore)-FGF19^(C-tail) and FGF1^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail), respectively; FIG. 6) were purified from the soluble bacterial cell lysate fraction by ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatographies. The N-terminally hexahistidine-tagged C-terminal tail peptide of FGF23 (S180 to I251, termed FGF23^(C-tail)) was purified by a published protocol (Goetz et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107:407-412 (2010), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). The ligand-binding domain of human FGFR1c (D142 to R365) was refolded in vitro from bacterial inclusion bodies, and purified by published protocols (Ibrahimi et al., Hum. Mol. Genet. 13:2313-2324 (2004); Plotnikov et al., Cell 101:413-424 (2000), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). The ectodomain of murine αKlotho (A35 to K982) and the ectodomain of murine βKlotho (F53 to L995) were expressed in HEK293 cells as fusion proteins with a C-terminal FLAG tag (Kurosu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 281:6120-6123 (2006); Kurosu et al., Science 309:1829-1833 (2005), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). The binary complex of FGFR1c ligand-binding domain with αKlotho ectodomain (referred to as αKlotho-FGFR1c complex) was prepared by a published protocol (Goetz et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107:407-412 (2010), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). The binary complex of FGFR1c ligand-binding domain with βKlotho ectodomain (referred to as βKlotho-FGFR1c complex) was prepared in the same fashion as the αKlotho-FGFR1c complex.

Example 2 Analysis of FGF-Heparin and FGF-FGFR-α/βKlotho Interactions by Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments were performed on a Biacore 2000 instrument (Biacore AB), and the interactions were studied at 25° C. in HBS-EP buffer (10 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 3 mM EDTA, 0.005% (v/v) polysorbate 20). To study endocrine FGF-heparin interactions, a heparin chip was prepared by immobilizing biotinylated heparin (Sigma-Aldrich) on flow channels of a research-grade streptavidin chip (Biacore AB). The coupling density was ˜5 fmol mm⁻² of flow channel. To measure binding of chimeric FGF2 proteins to heparin, biotinylated heparin was coupled to a streptavidin chip at an approximately 4-fold lower density as judged based on the binding responses obtained for FGF1. To study FGF-FGFR-α/βKlotho interactions, FGF chips were prepared by covalent coupling of FGF proteins through their free amino groups on flow channels of research grade CM5 chips (Biacore AB). Proteins were injected over a chip at a flow rate of 50 μl min⁻¹, and at the end of each protein injection (180 and 300 s, respectively), HBS-EP buffer (50 μl min⁻¹) was flowed over the chip to monitor dissociation for 180 or 240 s. The heparin chip surface was regenerated by injecting 50 μl of 2.0 M NaCl in 10 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.5. For FGF chips, regeneration was achieved by injecting 2.0 M NaCl in 10 mM sodium/potassium phosphate, pH 6.5. To control for nonspecific binding in experiments where an FGF ligand was immobilized on the chip, FHF1B, which shares structural similarity with FGFs but does not exhibit any FGFR binding (Olsen et al., J. Biol. Chem. 278:34226-34236 (2003), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), was coupled to the control flow channel of the chip (˜15-30 fmol mm⁻²). In experiments where heparin was immobilized on the chip, the control flow channel was left blank. The data were processed with BiaEvaluation software (Biacore AB). For each protein injection over the heparin chip, the nonspecific responses from the control flow channel were subtracted from the responses recorded for the heparin flow channel. Similarly, for each protein injection over a FGF chip, the nonspecific responses from the FHF1B control flow channel were subtracted from the responses recorded for the FGF flow channel. Where possible, equilibrium dissociation constants (K_(D)s) were calculated from fitted saturation binding curves. Fitted binding curves were judged to be accurate based on the distribution of the residuals (even and near zero) and χ² (<10% of R_(max)).

To examine whether the K149A mutation abrogates residual heparin binding of FGF19, increasing concentrations of wild-type FGF19 were passed over a heparin chip. Thereafter, the FGF19^(K149A) mutant was injected over the heparin chip at the highest concentration tested for the wild-type ligand. The effect of the R140A/R143A double mutation in the HS-binding site of FGF23 on residual heparin binding of FGF23 was examined in the same fashion as was the effect of the HS-binding site mutation in FGF19.

To verify that the K128D/R129Q/K134V triple mutation in the HS-binding site of the FGF2 core domain diminishes heparin-binding affinity of the FGF2 core, increasing concentrations of FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) and FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) were passed over a heparin chip. As a control, binding of FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF21^(C-tail) and FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF23^(C-tail) to heparin was studied.

To examine whether the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) chimera can compete with FGF23 for binding to the αKlotho-FGFR1c complex, FGF23 was immobilized on a chip (˜16 fmol mm⁻² of flow channel). Increasing concentrations of FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) were mixed with a fixed concentration of αKlotho-FGFR1c complex in HBS-EP buffer, and the mixtures were injected over the FGF23 chip. As controls, the binding competition was carried out with FGF23 or FGF2 as the competitor in solution. As an additional specificity control, competition of the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) chimera with FGF21 for binding to the αKlotho-FGFR1c complex was studied. αKlotho-FGFR1c complex was mixed with FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) or FGF23 at a molar ratio of 1:10, and the mixture was injected over a chip containing immobilized FGF21 (˜12 fmol mm⁻² of flow channel).

To test whether the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera can compete with FGF21 for binding to the βKlotho-FGFR1c complex, increasing concentrations of FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) were mixed with a fixed concentration ofβKlotho-FGFR1c complex in HBS-EP buffer, and the mixtures were passed over a chip containing immobilized FGF21 (˜19 fmol mm⁻² of flow channel). As controls, the binding competition was carried out with FGF21 or FGF2 as the competitor in solution. As an additional specificity control, competition of the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera with FGF23 for binding to the αKlotho-FGFR1c complex was studied. αKlotho-FGFR1c complex was mixed with FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) or FGF21 at a molar ratio of 1:10, and the mixture was injected over a chip containing immobilized FGF23 (˜12 fmol mm⁻² of flow channel).

To measure binding of FGFR1c to each of the three endocrine FGFs, increasing concentrations of FGFR1c ligand-binding domain were injected over a chip containing immobilized FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 (˜30 fmol mm⁻² of flow channel). As a control, binding of FGFR1c to FGF2 immobilized on a chip was studied. As additional controls, binding of the αKlotho-FGFR1c complex to FGF23 and binding of FGFR1c to the C-terminal tail peptide of FGF23 was measured.

Example 3 Analysis of Phosphorylation of FRS2α and 44/42 MAP Kinase in Hepatoma and Epithelial Cell Lines

To examine whether the FGF19^(K149A) and FGF23^(R140A/R143A) mutants can activate FGFR in a α/βKlotho-dependent fashion, induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of FGFR substrate 2α (FRS2α) and downstream activation of MAP kinase cascade was used as readout for FGFR activation. Subconfluent cells of the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line, which endogenously expresses βKlotho (Kurosu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 282:26687-26695 (2007), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), were serum starved for 16 h and then stimulated for 10 min with the FGF19^(K149A) mutant or wild-type FGF19 (0.2 ng ml⁻¹ to 2.0 μg ml⁻¹). Similarly, subconfluent cells of a HEK293 cell line ectopically expressing the transmembrane isoform of murine αKlotho (Kurosu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 281:6120-6123 (2006), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) were treated with the FGF23^(R140A/R143A) mutant or wild-type FGF23 (0.1 to 100 ng ml⁻¹). After stimulation, the cells were lysed (Kurosu et al., Science 309:1829-1833 (2005), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), and cellular proteins were resolved on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The protein blots were probed with antibodies to phosphorylated FRS2α, phosphorylated 44/42 MAP kinase, total (phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated) 44/42 MAP kinase, and αKlotho. Except for the anti-αKlotho antibody (KM2119) (Kato et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 267:597-602 (2000), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), all antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technology.

Example 4 Analysis of Egr1 Protein Expression in an Epithelial Cell Line

To examine whether the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) and FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) chimeras can activate FGFR in a HS-dependent fashion, induction of protein expression of the transcription factor early growth response 1 (Egr1), a known downstream mediator of FGF signaling, was used as readout for FGFR activation. HEK293 cells were serum starved overnight and then stimulated for 90 min with FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) or FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) (0.1 and 0.3 nM). Cell stimulation with FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF21^(C-tail), FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF23^(C-tail), FGF21, and FGF23 served as controls. To test whether the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera can activate FGFR in a βKlotho-dependent fashion, HEK293 cells transfected with murine βKlotho were serum starved overnight and then stimulated for 90 min with FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) or FGF21 (3 to 300 ng ml⁻¹). After stimulation, the cells were lysed (Kurosu et al., Science 309:1829-1833 (2005), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), and cellular proteins were resolved on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The protein blots were probed with antibodies to Egr1 and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The anti-Egr1 antibody was from Cell Signaling Technology and the anti-GAPDH antibody was from Abcam.

Example 5 Analysis of CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 mRNA Expression in Murine Liver Tissue

To examine the metabolic activity of the FGF19^(K149A) mutant in vivo, 6- to 8-week old C57BL/6 mice were fasted overnight and then given intraperitoneally a single dose (1 mg kg body weight⁻¹) of FGF19^(K149A) or FGF19 as a control. 6 h after the injection, the mice were sacrificed, and liver tissue was excised and frozen. Total RNA was isolated from liver tissue, and mRNA levels of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and sterol 12α-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) were measured using quantitative real time RT-PCR as described previously (Inagaki et al., Cell Metab. 2:217-225 (2005); Kim et al., J. Lipid Res. 48:2664-2672 (2007), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas had approved the experiments.

Example 6 Measurement of Serum Phosphate in Mice

The metabolic activity of the FGF23^(R140A/R143A) mutant was examined both in normal mice and in Fgf23 knockout mice. 4- to 5-week old C57BL/6 mice were given intraperitoneally a single dose (0.29 mg kg body weight⁻¹) of FGF23^(R140A/R143A) or FGF23 as a control. Before the injection and 8 h after the injection, blood was drawn from the cheek pouch and spun at 3,000×g for 10 min to obtain serum. Phosphate concentration in serum was measured using the Phosphorus Liqui-UV Test (Stanbio Laboratory). 6- to 8-week old Fgf23 knockout mice (Sitara et al., Matrix Biol. 23:421-432 (2004), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) (56) were given two injections of FGF23^(R140A/R143A) or FGF23 at 8 h intervals (0.71 mg kg body weight⁻¹ each), and blood samples were collected for phosphate analysis before the first injection and 8 h after the second injection.

To test whether the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) chimera exhibits FGF23-like metabolic activity, 5- to 6-week old C57BL/6 mice were given a single injection of FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) (0.21 mg kg body weight⁻¹). As controls, mice were injected with FGF2^(WTcore-FGF)23^(C-tail) or FGF23. Before the injection and 8 h after the injection, blood samples were collected for measurement of serum phosphate. To confirm that αKlotho is required for the metabolic activity of the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) chimera, 7- to 8-week old αKlotho knockout mice (Lexicon Genetics) were injected once with FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) or FGF23 as a control (0.51 mg kg body weight⁻¹). Before the injection and 8 h after the injection, blood samples were collected for phosphate analysis. The Harvard University Animal Care and Research committee board had approved all the experiments.

Example 7 Analysis of CYP27B1 mRNA Expression in Murine Renal Tissue

The ability of the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) chimera to reduce renal expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) was used as another readout for FGF23-like metabolic activity. C57BL/6 mice injected with FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail), FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF23^(C-tail), or FGF23 were sacrificed 8 h after the protein injection, and renal tissue was excised and frozen. CYP27B1 mRNA levels in total renal tissue RNA were measured using real time quantitative PCR as described previously (Nakatani et al., FASEB J. 23:3702-3711 (2009); Ohnishi et al., Kidney Int. 75:1166-1172 (2009), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). The Harvard University Animal Care and Research committee board had approved the experiments.

Example 8 Insulin Tolerance Test in Mice

The ability of the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera to potentiate the hypoglycemic effect of insulin was used as readout for FGF21-like metabolic activity (Ohnishi et al., FASEB J. 25:2031-2039 (2011), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). 8- to 12-week old C57BL/6 mice were kept on normal chow. On the day of the insulin tolerance test, mice were fasted for 4 h and then bled from the cheek pouch for measuring fasting blood glucose levels. Thereafter, mice were administered intraperitoneally insulin (0.5 units kg body weight⁻¹) alone or insulin (0.5 units·kg body weight⁻¹) plus FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera (0.3 mg kg body weight⁻¹). As a control, mice were co-injected with insulin plus FGF21. At the indicated time points after the injection (FIG. 7G), blood was drawn from the tail vein. Glucose concentrations in the blood samples were determined using Bayer Contour® blood glucose test strips (Bayer Corp.). The Harvard University Animal Care and Research committee board had approved the experiments.

Example 9 Analysis of Blood Glucose in ob/ob Mice

ob/ob mice were injected subcutaneously with FGF1^(ΔNT), FGF1^(ΔHBS), or FGF1^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera. Injection of native FGF1 or native FGF21 served as controls. A single bolus of 0.5 mg of protein per kg of body weight was injected. This dose was chosen on the basis that maximal efficacy of the hypoglycemic effect of native FGF1 is seen at this dose. Before the protein injection and at the indicated time points after the injection (FIGS. 9A-9C), blood glucose concentrations were measured using an OneTouch Ultra glucometer (Lifescan). The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Salk Institute for Biological Sciences at La Jolla had approved the experiments.

Example 10 Statistical Analysis

Data are expressed as mean±SEM. A Student's t test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used as appropriate to make statistical comparisons. A value of P<0.05 was considered significant.

Example 11 HS is Dispensable for the Metabolic Activity of FGF19 and FGF23

In order to engineer endocrine FGFs devoid of HS binding, the FGF19 crystal structure (PDB ID: 2P23; (Goetz et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 27:3417-3428 (2007), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) was compared with that of FGF2 bound to a heparin hexasaccharide (PDB ID: 1FQ9; (Schlessinger et al., Mol. Cell 6:743-750 (2000), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety)). This analysis shows that solvent-exposed residues K149, Q150, Q152, and R157 of FGF19 lie at the corresponding HS-binding site of this ligand, and hence could account for the residual HS binding of FGF19 (FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2). Likewise, comparative analysis of the FGF23 crystal structure (PDB ID: 2P39; (Goetz et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 27:3417-3428 (2007), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety)) with that of heparin-bound FGF2 (PDB ID: 1FQ9; (Schlessinger et al., Mol. Cell 6:743-750 (2000), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety)) points to R48, N49, R140, and R143 as candidates mediating the residual HS binding of this ligand (FIGS. 1A, 1C, and 2). In agreement with the structural predictions, replacement of K149 alone in FGF19 with alanine and combined substitution of R140 and R143 in FGF23 for alanine were sufficient to abolish residual HS binding of these ligands (FIGS. 3B-3E).

To test the impact of knocking out residual HS binding of FGF19 on the signaling by this ligand, H4IIE hepatoma cells were stimulated with the FGF19^(K149A) mutant or wild-type FGF19. H4IIE cells endogenously express FGFR4 and βKlotho (Kurosu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 282:26687-26695 (2007), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), the cognate receptor and co-receptor, respectively, for FGF19. The FGF19^(K149A) mutant was as effective as wild-type FGF19 in inducing tyrosine phosphorylation of FRS2α and downstream activation of MAP kinase cascade (FIG. 4A). These data show that elimination of residual HS binding has no impact on the ability of FGF19 to signal in cultured cells. To test whether the same holds true for FGF23 signaling, HEK293 cells, which naturally express two of the three cognate receptors of FGF23, namely FGFR1c and FGFR3c (Kurosu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 281:6120-6123 (2006), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) were transfected with the transmembrane isoform of αKlotho, the co-receptor of FGF23. These cells were treated with the FGF23^(R140A/R143A) double mutant or wild-type FGF23. The FGF23^(R140A/R143A) mutant had the same capacity as wild-type FGF23 in inducing phosphorylation of FRS2α and downstream activation of MAP kinase cascade (FIG. 4B). These data show that similar to FGF19, FGF23 does not need to bind HS in order to activate FGFR in cultured cells.

To substantiate the findings in cells, the metabolic activity of wild-type and mutated ligands in vivo were compared. Mice were injected with the FGF19^(K149A) mutant or wild-type FGF19 and liver gene expression of CYP7A1 and CYP8B1, which are key enzymes in the major bile acid biosynthetic pathway (Russell, D. W., Annu. Rev. Biochem. 72:137-174 (2003), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), was analyzed. Like wild-type FGF19, the FGF19^(K149A) mutant markedly decreased CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 mRNA levels (FIG. 4C), demonstrating that knockout of residual HS binding does not affect the metabolic activity of FGF19. To examine whether residual HS binding is also dispensable for the metabolic activity of FGF23, mice were injected with the FGF23^(R140A/R143A) mutant or wild-type FGF23 and serum phosphate concentrations were measured. The FGF23^(R140A/R143A) mutant reduced serum phosphate as effectively as wild-type FGF23 (FIG. 4D). Moreover, when injected into Fgf23 knockout mice, the FGF23^(R140A/R143A) mutant exhibited as much of phosphate-lowering activity as wild-type FGF23 (FIG. 4D). These data show that, as in the case of FGF19, abolishment of residual HS binding does not impact the metabolic activity of FGF23 leading to the conclusion that HS is not a component of the endocrine FGF signal transduction unit (FIG. 1D).

Example 12 Conversion of a Paracrine FGF into an Endocrine Ligand Confirms that HS is Dispensable for the Metabolic Activity of Endocrine FGFs

If HS is dispensable for the metabolic activity of endocrine FGFs, then it should be feasible to convert a paracrine FGF into an endocrine FGF by eliminating HS-binding affinity of the paracrine FGF and substituting its C-terminal tail for that of an endocrine FGF containing the Klotho co-receptor binding site. Reducing HS-binding affinity will allow the ligand to freely diffuse and enter the blood circulation while attaching the C-terminal tail of an endocrine FGF will home the ligand into its target tissues. FGF2, a prototypical paracrine FGF, was chosen for conversion into FGF23-like and FGF21-like ligands, respectively. FGF2 was selected as paracrine ligand for this protein engineering exercise because it preferentially binds to the “c” isoform of FGFR1, the principal receptor mediating the metabolic activity of FGF23 (Gattineni et al., Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 297:F282-291 (2009); Liu et al., J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19:2342-2350 (2008), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety) and FGF21 (Kurosu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 282:26687-26695 (2007), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), respectively. In the crystal structure of heparin-bound FGF2 (PDB ID: 1FQ9; (Schlessinger et al., Mol. Cell 6:743-750 (2000), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety)), K128, R129, and K134 mediate the majority of hydrogen bonds with heparin and hence mutation of these residues was predicted to cause a major reduction in HS-binding affinity of FGF2 (FIGS. 1A, 2, and 5A). Accordingly, these three residues were mutated and then the short C-terminal tail of the mutated FGF2 was replaced with the C-terminal tail of FGF23 (R161 to I251) or the C-terminal tail of FGF21 (P168 to S209) (FIG. 5A). The resulting chimeras were termed FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) and FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) (FIG. 5A). To demonstrate that reduction in HS-binding affinity is required for converting FGF2 into an endocrine ligand, two control chimeras were made in which the HS-binding site of the FGF2 core was left intact (FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF23^(C-tail) and FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF21^(C-tail); FIG. 5A).

Consistent with the structural prediction, FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) and FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) exhibited poor binding affinity for HS compared to the corresponding control chimeras with intact HS-binding site (FIGS. 5B-5E). Since HS is an obligatory cofactor in paracrine FGF signaling, the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) and FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimeras were predicted to lose the ability to activate FGFR1c in an HS-dependent fashion. To test this, HEK293 cells, which endogenously express FGFR1c, were stimulated with FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF2^(C-tail) or FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF23^(C-tail). Induction of protein expression of the transcription factor Egr1, a known downstream mediator of FGF signaling, was used as readout for FGFR activation. As shown in FIG. 5G, the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) chimera, like native FGF23, was ineffective in inducing Egr1 expression at concentrations at which the FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF23^(C-tail) chimera elicited a near maximal effect. The same observations were made for the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera (FIG. 5F). These data show that, similar to native FGF23 and FGF21, the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) and FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimeras lost the ability to activate FGFR in an HS-dependent, paracrine fashion.

To determine whether the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF2^(C-tail) and FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimeras gained the ability to signal in a Klotho co-receptor-dependent, endocrine fashion, it was first analyzed whether these chimeras can form ternary complexes with FGFR1c and Klotho co-receptor. To this end, a SPR-based binding competition assay was employed. FGF23 was immobilized onto a SPR biosensor chip, and mixtures of a fixed concentration of binary αKlotho-FGFR1c complex with increasing concentrations of FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) chimera were passed over the chip. FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) competed, in a dose-dependent fashion, with immobilized FGF23 for binding to the αKlotho-FGFR1c complex (FIG. 7A), demonstrating that the chimera, like native FGF23 (FIG. 7B), is able to form a ternary complex with FGFR1c and αKlotho. To test whether the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera can likewise form a ternary complex with FGFR1c and βKlotho, FGF21 was coupled to a SPR biosensor chip, and mixtures of the binary βKlotho-FGFR1c complex with FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) were passed over the chip. FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) effectively competed with immobilized FGF21 for binding to the βKlotho-FGFR1c complex (FIG. 8A), demonstrating that the chimera, like native FGF21 (FIG. 8B), is capable of binding to the binary complex of FGFR1c and βKlotho. Notably, native FGF2 failed to compete with FGF23 for binding to the αKlotho-FGFR1c complex (FIG. 7C), and with FGF21 for binding to the βKlotho-FGFR1c complex (FIG. 8C) since it lacks the Klotho co-receptor binding domain. To further confirm the binding specificity of the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail)chimera for the αKlotho-FGFR1c complex, FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) and βKlotho-FGFR1c complex were mixed at a molar ratio of 10:1, and the mixture was injected over a chip containing immobilized FGF21. FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail), like native FGF23, failed to compete with FGF21 for binding to the βKlotho-FGFR1c complex (FIGS. 7D and 7E). Similarly, the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera, like native FGF21, failed to compete with FGF23 for binding to the αKlotho-FGFR1c complex (FIGS. 8D and 8E). For the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera, we investigated whether it is able to activate FGFR1c in a βKlotho-dependent fashion in cells. HEK293 cells were transfected with βKlotho and then stimulated with FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) or FGF21. Similar to native FGF21, the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera induced Egr1 protein expression in HEK293-βKlotho cells (FIG. 8F), indicating that the chimera is capable of activating FGFR1c in the presence of βKlotho.

To provide definite proof for the ligand conversion, the metabolic activity of the chimeras in vivo was tested. Specifically, the ability of the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) chimera to lower serum phosphate and to reduce renal gene expression of CYP27B1, which catalyzes the conversion of vitamin D into its bioactive form, was examined. Mice were injected with FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) or as controls, FGF23 or FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF23^(C-tail), and serum phosphate concentrations and renal CYP27B1 mRNA levels were measured. Similar to native FGF23, the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) chimera caused a decrease in serum phosphate in wild-type mice (FIG. 7F). The chimera also induced a marked decrease in CYP27B1 mRNA levels, just like the native FGF23 ligand (FIG. 7G). These data show that the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) chimera acts as an FGF23-like hormone. Importantly, the FGF2^(WTcore)-FGF23^(C-tail) chimera failed to decrease serum phosphate or CYP27B1 mRNA levels (FIGS. 7F and 7G). This is expected because, owing to its high affinity for HS, this chimera should be trapped in the vicinity of the injection site and hence not be able to enter the blood circulation. Moreover, these data show that adding the Klotho co-receptor binding site is not sufficient to convert a paracrine FGF into an endocrine ligand. To confirm that the metabolic activity of the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) chimera is dependent on αKlotho, αKlotho knockout mice were injected with FGF^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) or FGF23 as control and serum concentrations of phosphate were measured. As shown in FIG. 7F, FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF23^(C-tail) failed to lower serum phosphate, demonstrating that the chimera, like native FGF23 (FIG. 7F), requires αKlotho for metabolic activity.

To determine whether the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera exhibits FGF21-like metabolic activity, its ability to potentiate the hypoglycemic effect of insulin was examined (Ohnishi et al., FASEB J. 25:2031-2039 (2011), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Mice were injected with insulin plus FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail), insulin plus FGF21, or insulin alone, and blood glucose concentrations were monitored for up to one hour after the injection. Similar to FGF21, the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera enhanced the hypoglycemic effect of insulin (FIG. 8G), demonstrating that the chimera acts as an FGF21-like hormone.

To substantiate further the concept of FGF ligand conversion, another FGF21-like ligand was engineered using FGF1 as paracrine FGF, and the metabolic activity of the engineered protein was tested in vivo in a mouse model of diabetes and obesity. Besides serving as an additional proof-of-concept, the use of FGF1 for this particular ligand conversion was appealing because FGF1 on its own plays an essential role in glucose metabolism (Jonker et al., “A PPARγ-FGF1 Axis is Required for Adaptive Adipose Remodeling and Metabolic Homeostasis,” Nature 485:391-394 (2012), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Notably, similar to FGF21, FGF1 is induced postprandially in gonadal white adipose tissue by the nuclear hormone receptor PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ) (Jonker et al., “A PPARγ-FGF1 Axis is Required for Adaptive Adipose Remodeling and Metabolic Homeostasis,” Nature 485:391-394 (2012); Dutchak et al., “Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 Regulates PPARγ Activity and the Antidiabetic Actions of Thiazolidinediones,” Cell 148:556-567 (2012), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). FGF1 is required for the remodeling of adipose tissue to adjust to fluctuations in nutrient availability (Jonker et al., “A PPARγ-FGF1 Axis is Required for Adaptive Adipose Remodeling and Metabolic Homeostasis,” Nature 485:391-394 (2012), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), and this process is influenced by FGF21 (Hotta et al., “Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Regulates Lipolysis in White Adipose Tissue But is Not Required for Ketogenesis and Triglyceride Clearance in Liver,” Endocrinology 150:4625-4633 (2009); Dutchak et al., “Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 Regulates PPARγ Activity and the Antidiabetic Actions of Thiazolidinediones,” Cell 148:556-567 (2012), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). As part of a positive feedback loop, FGF21 stimulates PPARγ activity in adipocytes (Dutchak et al., “Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 Regulates PPARγ Activity and the Antidiabetic Actions of Thiazolidinediones,” Cell 148:556-567 (2012), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), raising the intriguing possibility that FGF21 regulates FGF1 signaling in adipose tissue through PPARγ. An FGF1^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera was generated in the same manner as the FGF2^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera (FIGS. 5 and 6). Specifically, K127, K128, and K133 of FGF1, which correspond to the key HS-binding residues identified in the crystal structure of heparin-bound FGF2 (PDB ID: 1FQ9; (Schlessinger et al., Mol. Cell 6:743-750 (2000), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety)), were mutated and then the short C-terminal tail of the mutated FGF1 was replaced with the C-terminal tail of FGF21 (P168 to S209) (FIG. 6). A full-length FGF1 protein harboring the HS-binding site mutations was used as a control (FIG. 6). Consistent with the structural prediction, this protein exhibited poor binding affinity for HS compared to wild-type FGF1 as evidenced by the fact that, unlike the wild-type ligand, the mutant protein did not bind to a Heparin sepharose column. A subcutaneous bolus injection of the FGF1^(ΔHBScore)-FGF21^(C-tail) chimera elicited a hypoglycemic effect in ob/ob mice (FIG. 9C), demonstrating that the chimera has metabolic activity. The effect was of similar magnitude as that observed for native FGF1 (FIG. 9C), which itself has a much greater hypoglycemic effect in ob/ob mice than native FGF21 (FIG. 9A). The HS-binding site mutant of FGF1, which was included as a control in these experiments, showed a similar hypoglycemic effect as the wild-type ligand (FIG. 9B), indicating that the loss in HS-binding affinity had no impact on the metabolic activity of FGF1. To alter the receptor-binding specificity of FGF1 such that FGF1 selectively binds to the “c” splice isoform of FGFR1, the principal receptor mediating the metabolic activity of FGF21, an N-terminally truncated FGF1 protein was made (FIG. 6). The truncated FGF1 ligand lacked twenty four residues from the N-terminus including the nine residues that are critical for the promiscuous binding of FGF1 to both splice isoforms of FGFR1-3 (Beenken et al., “Plasticity in Interactions of Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 (FGF1) N Terminus with FGF Receptors Underlies Promiscuity of FGF1,” J Biol Chem 287(5):3067-3078 (2012), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Based on the crystal structures of FGF1-FGFR complexes, the truncation was also predicted to reduce the receptor-binding affinity of FGF1, and hence the ligand's mitogenicity. The truncated FGF1 protein induced a similar hypoglycemic effect in ob/ob mice as native FGF1 did (FIG. 9B), indicating that the metabolic activity of FGF1 is mediated through the “c” splice isoform of FGFR. Together, these findings provide a starting point for engineering FGF1 ligands that have no mitogenicity but the same or enhanced metabolic activity compared to native FGF1.

The demonstrated ability to convert a paracrine FGF into an endocrine ligand by means of reducing HS-binding affinity of the paracrine FGF and adding the Klotho co-receptor binding site substantiates that HS does not participate in the formation of the endocrine FGF signal transduction unit. The dispensability of HS for the metabolic activity of endocrine FGFs has an intriguing implication as to how these FGFs have evolved to become hormones. It appears that these ligands have lost the requirement to bind HS in order to signal, while acquiring the ability to bind Klotho co-receptors, which is necessary to direct these ligands to their target organs.

In the target tissue, Klotho co-receptors constitutively associate with cognate receptors of endocrine FGFs to offset the inherently low receptor-binding affinity of endocrine FGFs (FIGS. 10B-10D; Kurosu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 282:26687-26695 (2007); Kurosu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 281:6120-6123 (2006); Ogawa et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104:7432-7437 (2007); Urakawa et al., Nature 444:770-774 (2006), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). This low binding affinity is due to the fact that key receptor-binding residues in the β-trefoil core of endocrine FGFs are replaced by residues that are suboptimal for receptor binding (Goetz et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 27:3417-3428 (2007), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). To measure the degree to which Klotho co-receptors enhance the receptor-binding affinity of endocrine FGFs, SPR experiments were conducted using FGF23 and FGFR1c and αKlotho co-receptor as an example (see FIGS. 10A-10F). The SPR data show that αKlotho enhances the affinity of FGF23 for FGFR1c by over 20-fold (FIGS. 10D and 10E). The affinity of FGF23 for FGFR1c in the presence of αKlotho is comparable to that of FGF2 for FGFR1c in the absence of its HS cofactor (FIGS. 10A and 10E). It should be noted, however, that HS further increases the binding affinity of FGF2 for FGFR1c by at least an order of magnitude (Pantoliano et al., Biochemistry 33:10229-10248 (1994); Roghani et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269:3976-3984 (1994), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety). Hence, the receptor-binding affinity of FGF23 in the presence of αKlotho co-receptor still is lower than that of FGF2 in the presence of HS cofactor. These observations imply that the signaling capacity of the endocrine FGF signal transduction unit should be weaker than that of the paracrine FGF signaling unit. Indeed, cell-based studies show that even in the presence of their Klotho co-receptor, endocrine FGFs are inferior to paracrine FGFs at activating FGFR-induced intracellular signaling pathways (Kurosu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 282:26687-26695 (2007); Urakawa et al., Nature 444:770-774 (2006), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety).

The finding that endocrine FGFs do not need to rely on HS for signaling has another important implication in regard to the role of Klotho co-receptors. Since FGFR dimerization is a prerequisite for FGF signaling in general, it is proposed that Klotho co-receptors not only enhance the binding affinity of endocrine ligand for receptor but also promote receptor dimerization upon ligand binding. In other words, Klotho co-receptors must fulfill the same dual role that HS plays in signaling by paracrine FGFs (FIG. 1D). The ligand conversion also provides the framework for the rational design of endocrine FGF-like molecules for the treatment of metabolic disorders. An FGF23-like molecule, for example, will be useful for the treatment of inherited or acquired hyperphosphatemia, and an FGF21-like molecule, for example, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and related metabolic disorders.

Although preferred embodiments have been depicted and described in detail herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that various modifications, additions, substitutions, and the like can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and these are therefore considered to be within the scope of the invention as defined in the claims which follow. 

What is claimed:
 1. A method of treating a mammal having diabetes, comprising: administering an FGF1 peptide comprising amino acids 1-155 of SEQ ID NO: 1 with a K127D, K128Q and K133V substitution (FGF1^(ΔHBS)) in an amount effective to lower blood glucose levels in the mammal, thereby treating the mammal.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mammal has one or more of type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and drug-induced diabetes.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the FGF1 peptide is administered at a dose of 0.1 to 10 mg/kg once or twice a day.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the FGF1 peptide is administered at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein administering comprises oral, parenteral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal administration.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the FGF1 peptide is administered with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the FGF1 peptide is co-administered with one or more agents selected from the group consisting of an anti-inflammatory agent, an antifibrotic agent, an antihypertensive agent, an antidiabetic agent, a triglyceride-lowering agent, and a cholesterol-lowering agent.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the mammal is a human.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the FGF1 peptide consists of the amino acid sequence shown in: amino acids 1-155 of SEQ ID NO: 1 with a K127D, K128Q and K133V substitution (FGF1^(ΔHBS)).
 10. A method of treating a mammal having diabetes, comprising: administering an FGF1 peptide fragment comprising amino acids 25-155 of SEQ ID NO: 1 with a K127D, K128Q and K133V substitution (FGF1^(ΔNT ΔHBS)) in an amount effective to lower blood glucose levels in the mammal, thereby treating the mammal.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the mammal has one or more of type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and drug-induced diabetes.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the FGF1 peptide fragment is administered at a dose of 0.1 to 10 mg/kg once or twice a day.
 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the FGF1 peptide fragment is administered at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg.
 14. The method of claim 10, wherein administering comprises oral, parenteral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal administration.
 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the FGF1 peptide fragment is administered with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the FGF1 peptide fragment is co-administered with one or more agents selected from the group consisting of an anti-inflammatory agent, an antifibrotic agent, an antihypertensive agent, an antidiabetic agent, a triglyceride-lowering agent, and a cholesterol-lowering agent.
 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the mammal is a human.
 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the FGF1 peptide fragment consists of the amino acid sequence shown in amino acids 25-155 of SEQ ID NO: 1 with a K127D, K128Q and K133V substitution (FGF1^(ΔNT ΔHBS))^(.)
 19. A method of treating a mammal having diabetes, comprising: administering an FGF1 peptide fragment consisting of amino acids 25-155 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (FGF1^(ΔNT)) in an amount effective to lower blood glucose levels in the mammal, thereby treating the mammal.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the mammal has one or more of type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, drug-induced diabetes, and high blood glucose.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the FGF1 peptide fragment is administered at a dose of 0.1 to 10 mg/kg once or twice a day.
 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the FGF1 peptide fragment is administered at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg.
 23. The method of claim 19, wherein administering comprises oral, parenteral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal administration.
 24. The method of claim 19, wherein the FGF1 peptide fragment is administered with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
 25. The method of claim 19, wherein the FGF1 peptide fragment is co-administered with one or more agents selected from the group consisting of an anti-inflammatory agent, an antifibrotic agent, an antihypertensive agent, an antidiabetic agent, a triglyceride-lowering agent, and a cholesterol-lowering agent.
 26. The method of claim 19, wherein the mammal is a human. 